Kingsford Charcoal (Decision Case)

Investigating Students Attitudes Towards English Homework Theoretical This exploration targets investigating understudies perspectives towards English schoolwork. There is bountiful writing with respect to schoolwork, however the voice of the understudies is missing from the greater part of the writing. In this investigation, subjective contextual analysis approach is utilized to investigate the points of view of one junior structure class (F.1) and one senior structure class (F.4). The writing survey remembers four significant patterns for the most recent schoolwork research: 1) connection among schoolwork and accomplishment, 2) connection among time and accomplishment, 3) parental association and 4) schoolwork plan. I directed 45 polls and 6 inside and out meetings by purposive outrageous inspecting. In the wake of blending all the information, I investigated them by utilizing steady correlation strategy and transcript based examination. The consequences of the reserach demonstrated that most understudies think schoolwork is critical to their learning. Be that as it may, the helpless structure and absence of educators useful inputs dishearten them to finish their English schoolwork. Likewise, it is demonstrated that various ages and sexes require various types of schoolwork to mee t the learning decent variety. This examination adds to the current writing as far as its most recent and uniqueness. Presentation When discussing schoolwork, it appears that everybody has an assessment concerning its value and reason. Strangely enough, in conversations of schoolwork, it rapidly turns into a discussion. Individuals either with stubbornly support or firmly restrict the training. For myself, I battled with the English schoolwork when I was an optional understudy. I thought it was only a weight for me with no significant reason. Then again, when I was an understudy instructor, I enjoyed appointing schoolwork to my understudies since I accepted schoolwork could improve both educating and learning. In particular, schoolwork was the correspondence channel among understudy and me. A few understudies who only from time to time turned in their schoolwork, yet they despite everything got a passing mark in the tests, the other way around. This circumstance baffled me. I have thoughts and questions about schoolwork, however never truly examined the issue. In this way, I needed to lead an activity research c oncentrate in my respect venture, with the expectation that I could alter it to fit the requirements of the understudies. In the wake of checking on the writing, I chose to analyze the mentalities understudies hold towards their English schoolwork. My general expectation was to acquire proof showing whether I disregarded a few elements while accusing on understudies who don't finish their English schoolwork. I see the schoolwork issue is looked among numerous instructors. Regardless of which schools and what sorts of understudies are the educators working with, they should confront the schoolwork fulfillment issue. Ideally, this examination can assist educators with handling the schoolwork issue effectively in the coming future. Section 1: Literature Review: The writing survey comprises of articles and books from 1980 to 2007 on the historical backdrop of the schoolwork banter. Most of the insightful articles are from EBSCO Databases (e.g.: A+ Education, Eric and Education Research Complete). The subjects talked about in the writing are connection between doing schoolwork and accomplishment, time spent on doing schoolwork, parental association and schoolwork plan. 1.1 The History of Homework Debate As per Copper (2007), schoolwork is depicted as errands doled out to understudies by teachers that are planned to be completed during non-school hours (p.5). Copper clarifies that the utilization of word-planned in light of the fact that understudies may do the schoolwork during break, noon or in any event, during resulting classes. Schoolwork isn't new. It has a long and questionable history (Gordon 1980; Cooper 1989a-2007; Bonyun 1992; Earle 1992; Foyle 1992; Hallam 2004; Jha 2007, etc). Among these investigations, there are both genius and hostile to schoolwork bunches separately. Gill and Schlossman (2000) dissected the perspectives on various partners: instructors, educators and guardians. Various gatherings hold unmistakable perspectives towards the issue of schoolwork. Up till now, there is an absence of accord among analysts which they just concurred that schoolwork is a convoluted issue. Aside from various partners sees, there are numerous factors related in the subject of s choolwork: condition, understudies capacity, time and analysts own inclinations. A portion of the basic perspectives are talked about in the accompanying part. 1.2The connection among schoolwork and accomplishment At the point when the specialists broke down whether there is a connection between the measure of time spent on doing schoolwork and accomplishment, they generally utilized one of two examination plans. The first is trial. They normally looked at two gatherings of understudies who were alloted schoolwork and who didn't get any schoolwork. And afterward, these two gatherings of understudies were given a similar test to check whether schoolwork can convey a positive impact on understudies scholarly accomplishment. Copper (2007) indicated that understudies doing schoolwork had higher unit test scores than 73 level of understudies not doing schoolwork 1.3The connection between the measure of time spend doing schoolwork and accomplishment The second sort of exploration looks at the connection between time spent on schoolwork and accomplishment. Kohn (2006) reflected crafted by Copper (2007), they found a positive connection between time spent doing schoolwork and accomplishment. That implies time spent on schoolwork builds, accomplishment increments. Notwithstanding, Kralovec (2000) analyzes that the connection among accomplishment and time spent on schoolwork is negative for more youthful understudies. He recommended that schoolwork has all the earmarks of being more compelling for more established understudies than more youthful understudies. All things considered, schoolwork has all the earmarks of being emphatically corresponded with accomplishment, yet the impact shifts drastically with grade level. As per the examination led by Vatterott (2009), in grades 3 to 5, the relationship was zero, in grades 6 to 9, the connection was .07; and in grades 10-12, the relationship was.25. In any case, 1.00 is an ideal relationship between's two measures and zero methods there is no connection between's the measures. 1.4Parental Involvement As of late, there has been an expanding accentuation on urging guardians to get associated with the training of their kids. Most guardians think the setting of schoolwork as fundamental and significant (Vatterott, 2007). There are two explanations behind guardians needing youngsters in doing schoolwork. The principal reason is on the grounds that schoolwork fills in as the schools duty to instructive accomplishment and furthermore that it gives them a stage to apply what they have realized in the exercise. The subsequent explanation is guardians who see schoolwork as a basis for evaluating schools. Since correspondence among home and school is frequently troublesome, schoolwork takes up the job of giving an extension among home and school. Guardians can without much of a stretch check what the educator is instructing and the advancement of their kids dependent on the schoolwork. Notwithstanding, we can't decipher guardians needing their youngsters to do well in school to imply that they need their kids to have schoolwork if the schoolwork won't improve scholastic accomplishment (Jha, 2006). Some exploration has proposed that parental assistance with schoolwork improves accomplishment (Hallam 2007; Chen and Stevenson 1989). Other examination proposes that the discoveries are not indisputable or that impacts are piddling (Levin el al. 1997; Vatterott 2007). This opposing outcome suggests that guardians may give more assistance to the understudies than they really need with their school work. The most noticeably terrible circumstance is that strain may create among guardians and their kids over their schoolwork. Later on, it can cause dissatisfaction and frustration and might be counter-gainful to the understudies execution in school. 1.5 Homework Design Among most discoveries, there is a significant understanding among instructors that schoolwork is advantageous. There are two significant explanations behind instructors to give understudies schoolwork: instructional and non-instructional (Xu, 2005). For the instructional goal of schoolwork, instructors use schoolwork as a methods for guaranteeing that understudies have went over and taken in the educational program in anticipation of tests. The non-instructional motivation behind schoolwork is to create understudy duty, social abilities and correspondence among guardians and instructors. Notwithstanding this, schoolwork supposedly had a negative effect on family inclusion (Van Voorhis 2003). There has been impressive enthusiasm for the criticism given to understudies when schoolwork has been finished. There is general accord that schoolwork must be gathered and stamped (Van Voorhis, 2003). Be that as it may, there is considerably less understanding about the best stamping methodology. Stamping schoolwork is tedious. Most instructors appoint, gather and imprint the schoolwork routinely. Be that as it may, there is variety in the sort of criticism the instructors give. Input can fluctuate from educators furnishing understudies with an imprint, grade, a composed remark, for example Generally excellent, great or seen. Giving evaluations is by all accounts powerful (Xu, 2005) yet the kind of reviewing offered appears to have little effect to learning results. 1.6 Summary of the writing audit With the help of the writing survey, the meaning of schoolwork is obvious to all perusers in this report: errands appointed to understudies by teachers that are expected to be completed during non-school hours (Copper 2007). The significant issue encompassing the schoolwork contention is whether it can improve understudies accomplishment, the perspectives on various partners and the shortcoming of the current examination. We can see that there is an absence of understudies voices among the examination. Section 2 Research Questions What sorts of schoolwork do the understudies like? Do understudies perspectives to schoolwork shift as indicated by qualities, for example, age-gathering and sexual orientation? Does schoolwork help to impart inspirational perspectives and study propensities? These days, practically all exploration with respect to schoolwork is from the grown-ups perspective. Not very many of t

Meaning of Life and Literary Metaphorical Descriptions Essay Example for Free

Which means of Life and Literary Metaphorical Descriptions Essay Stuck and fastened with no propensity of where your life is going, requires important exertion to experience. This is the circumstance for the primary character in Wiliam Lychacks short story, Stolpestad. With no whereabouts of his life headings, Stolpestad run over his own life through upsetting showdowns of his own character misfortune. â€Å"This is your life, Stolpestad† Stolpestad finds that his life gone dreary, holding up towards the finish of each move, lying and giving a reason to delay his appearance back home to his better half and his youngsters. Passing through the city, Stolpestad longs after his life in the town as youngster. â€Å"You inactive moderate and legitimate past the house as though to see a person or thing †yourself as a kid, maybe. † Though Stolpestad knows about the essential in his nonattendance back home, he chooses to go to a bar. At the bar he is recounting stories, spreading giggling, about his prior dilemma with shooting the enduring canine. Stolpestad appears to be brimming with certainty re-recounting to the story, however in the specific circumstance he was apprehensive and delicate: â€Å"with this expectation that she’s effectively dead-that abrasive of bugs in the warmth and grass as you poke her once more. You push until she becomes animated, her educational moderate and dark to you †you with this expectation that the kid will be running any second to you currently, hollering for you to stop. † He wish the pooch to as of now be dead, or that the kid will come hollering him to stop. This anxiety of his comes really to life when the kid and his dad are facing him, and the encompassing noices terrifies him: â€Å"It’s just an entryway opening †yet look how anxious you are†. Stolpestad sees this showdown as a truly awkward circumstances, and feel that it is a rehashing component in his life, which is portrayed in this passage: â€Å"the a sensation that this has happened before of a pickup truck in the carport as you pull around the house, as though you’ve seen or envisioned or experienced the entirety of this be-front, or will be through everything once more, finished and over†. We can decipher this, from the way that Stolpestad continues running into these unsavory circumstances. Putting down an enduring canine transforms into an accidental damage to the perishing hound, the kid and his dad and himself. The fruitless execution and the endurance of the enduring pooch, Goliath, can be viewed as an allegory for Stolpestads life. The life of the canine Goliath and Stolpestads life are going a similar way, Goliaths enduring is an impression of the enduring in Stolpestads own life. Gorge is gravely harmed and it is simply an issue of time until its’ life will peg out, however much after what should be a simple put down, the canine stays alive. Stolpestad is neither harmed or close to death. Stolpestad is gotten between the decisions whether he will seek after his importance of life or desert this world. He is stuck as his very own onlooker life, as the perishing hound Goliath is an observer of its’ own demise. The injury of the canine can likewise be deciphered as an analogy for the earth and the town Stolpestad lives in. The Christian story of â€Å"David and Goliath† bargains for Goliaths purpose with the subjects cynicism and disappointment. The moniker â€Å"Gully† is an equivalent for a sewer. That implies, that the canines name in the two significances alludes to something including corruption and poor environs. Goliath lies on all the waste on the families inside the families’ premises and represents the poor social condition that the family hails from. The family is packed by this insufficiency in the general public, which the canine and its name represent. The sentence: â€Å"The old tires, void jugs, paint jars, corroded vehicle pivot, cooler door† embodies what poor condition the family is a piece of. The earth of the dad may likewise clarify the reason for his unexpected commendations of Stolpestads house: â€Å"He lets out a long moan and says it’s a fine spot you appear to have here†. Still this higher association of society doesn't fit Stolpestad, and it doesn't appear as though he has been in this complexity to the lower group of society his entire life, which additionally may cause the compassion he has for the kid. The kid can be deciphered as a figment of Stolpestad as a kid. In the early start of the short story, Stolpestad is driving around cruel, searching for something †perhaps himself as a kid, and after the gathering with the kid, he rapidly considers understanding of his life circumstance. This might be caused of Stolpestads own childhood, that may have been troublesome, however he despite everything may miss: â€Å"Back to all the turns you were conceived, as long as you can remember spent along the equivalent miserable streets† The sort of storyteller being utilized in the story is a â€Å"second individual narrator† who keeps in touch with a certain â€Å"you†. Our â€Å"you†, who our storyteller guides itself to is the fundamental character of the story, Stolpestad. Despite the fact that it is Stolpestad the storyteller direct itself to, the peruser wants to be addressed, when this account point of view is being utilized: †Was close to the furthest limit of your shift†. Along these lines a book includes and influences its peruser in an entire other level. It is difficult to decide whether the storyteller is a real figure or thoroughly missing all through the story. The storyteller doesn't explicitly show up all through the story, however certain things point to the narrators’ appearance: †away we go†. Still it is dicey and obscure, who the storyteller might be, as the short story doesn't give an unequivocal clarification of who the storyteller may be. The language is both emblazoned of slang and afterward the more artistic figurative portrayals. This shows, how the storyteller has authority of changing the style when it fits him. Along these lines it is a blend of the lower style and a formal scholarly style. Stolpestad is carrying on with a real existence that just cruises by, without him making any move, and accordingly he feels like as long as he can remember just comprises of ceaseless redundancies. He is living in a similar environmental factors as he did in his childhood and during his youth so in this way his outside rams haven’t changed, however he has gotten more established. In this way everything feels conspicuous and exhausting for him. With the portrayal from a second individual storyteller, who sees Stolpestad from an outside point of view, we can interface this to the understanding of him as a detached person. He isn't even possessing the position to recount to his own story, however is having it told by another storyteller meddling and making a decision about him contrarily. Here too he remains without impact, yet may latently let the storyteller relate his story, while he himself should be an observer to his own life. So don't simply let life cruise you by.

Aeneas and Dido Essay

In this paper I will look at the qualities of the characters Aeneas and Dido as they show up in the primary book of the Aeneid. In the principal book of the Aeneid, Virgil presents Aeneas. Aeneas is demonstrated to be a Trojan saint and sovereign who endure the attack and sacking of Troy and figured out how to lead a band of survivors to security. Aeneas is the child of Anchises and the goddess of affection, Venus. In the wake of battling in the Trojan War, Aeneas got away after the Greeks sacked the city, driving a little band of survivors on a journey to discover Latium, where, it had been uncovered, the relatives of Aeneas would found the beginnings of the Roman Empire. In the wake of leaving Sicily, on what the Trojans accept to be the last phase of their excursion, Juno sends a tempest, which wrecks a portion of the boats and disperses the rest. She does this since she accepts a race plunged from the Trojans will devastate her adored city of Carthage. After the tempest, Aeneas advances toward the shores of Libya, where he is met by is mother, Venus, masked as a huntress. She advises him to make for the city of Carthage. There he is invited by Queen Dido, and rejoined with the remainder of his supporters who have endure the tempest. Dido welcomes the Trojans to an incredible meal where Venus organizes that Dido will begin to look all starry eyed at Aeneas. Aeneas shows numerous characteristics that make him stick out. These incorporate characteristics related with administration and furthermore others. These characteristics are:  Responsible Leader †Aeneas is the pioneer of the gathering of survivors and he takes on those duties. For instance, after arriving on the shores of Libya, it is Aeneas who moves to a vantage point to attempt to learn of the area of the remainder of the armada, â€Å"Aeneas ascended a stone, searching for a decent view out over the ocean, in anticipation of seeing Trojan boats. † He is additionally the person who goes out to investigate the encompassing area, â€Å"As soon as the caring light of day permitted, he resolved to set out and investigate this peculiar nation, to discover where the breeze had brought them. †  Provision for his men †Tying in with the capable pioneer point, Aeneas is consistently the one to accommodate his men. One of the principal things he does in the wake of setting up camp on the shores of Libya is to discover nourishment for his men, â€Å"He continued shooting until he’d triumphantly extended on the ground seven extraordinary (deer) bodies †one for each of the ships† * Encouraging †Aeneas offers discourses to rouse and empower his men. One of the main instances of this is when Aeneas gives a discourse to support and cheer up his men after they have been assaulted in a tempest and given occasion to feel qualms about an obscure shore. â€Å"My companions, we’ve known difficulties enough previously, and we’ve endured still more regrettable: god will stop these as well. You cruised directly past that distraught Scylla and her profoundly resonating natural hollow: you endure the Cyclops’ rocks. Cheer up! Enough of distress and dread! At some point, maybe, even this will be something acceptable to recollect. Whatever the debacles we meet, whatever the emergencies we experience, our objective is Latium! The Fates point to a home for us there, and harmony. There a realm of Troy can rise by and by. Don’t surrender now! Spare yourselves for the beneficial what might be on the horizon! † Aeneas utilizes attempting occasions that the survivors have just experienced to urge them to go on. Enthusiastic †Aeneas is passionate however he attempts to shroud his emotions on the off chance that they would harm the spirit of his gathering. For instance Aeneas is lamenting over the loss of his companions and devotees in the tempest sent by Juno, however he â€Å"buried the sadness somewhere down in his heart† and gave a discourse to move and support his men.  Commands regard †King Aeneas is regarded by his supporters. Ilioneus commends him to Queen Dido â€Å"No man has been all the more just or loyal, nobody more prominent in war and battling. † Self-Pitying †This ties in straightforwardly with the passionate point. Aeneas, in spite of being a valiant and great pioneer, sometimes goes into episodes of self indulgence. One of these is the point at which he is trapped in the tempest sent by Juno. He shouts out, wishing that he had kicked the bucket a â€Å"hero’s death† on the fields of fight at Troy, as opposed to endure in the tempest. â€Å"You were the fortunate ones,† he cries, â€Å"three times fortunate and the sky is the limit from there, who had the favorable luck to pass on under the dividers of Troy, before the eyes of your dads! Why couldn’t I have kicked the bucket and yielded my spirit to Diomede, most intrepid of the Greeks, on the Trojan Plains? †  Warmth †When Aeneas meets Dido he shows warmth towards her. He praises her and says thanks to her for her proposal to permit the Trojans to live in Carthage. â€Å"What brilliant age would you say you were conceived in? What incredible guardians created such a girl? For whatever length of time that streams stream down to the oceans, as long as the shadows clear over the mountains, and the sky keeps the stars land, your name will live for ever in respect and praise†.  Flattering †Aeneas is beguiling. Aeneas, not at all like Odysseus of Homer’s Odyssey, doesn't utilize adulation to accomplish gains, however simply to beguile the individual he is conversing with. When he meets his mom, Venus, camouflaged as a huntress he praises and compliments her, â€Å"Your face is no humans, no more your voice; you should be a goddess †Apollo’s sister, or one of the sprites? †  Capable of profound respect †Aeneas perceives the beneficial things about the city of Carthage and he appreciates the manner in which the city is constructed. â€Å"Aeneas was feeling overwhelmed, looking hypnotized and lost in these brilliant pictures†. This gives us that Aeneas isn't egotistical and is fit for perceiving excellence and enormity. In the principal book, Virgil additionally presents Dido. Dido is the Queen and author of Carthage, the city where Aeneas ends up after the tempest. Dido begins from Tire, where she was hitched to the most extravagant of all men in the land, Sychaeus. Dido adored Sychaeus and was dedicated to him. Dido’s sibling was the King of Tire and he was a man of unmatched insidiousness. His name was Pygmalion. At some point, blinded by covetousness, Pygmalion chop down Sychaeus while he was flat footed, supplicating at the raised area. Pygmalion at that point attempted to shroud his wrongdoing, palming Dido off with lie after falsehood. In any case, the phantom of the dead man appeared to Dido in a fantasy, he advised her of all that occurred, demonstrating the blade twisted in his chest. The apparition encouraged Dido to get away from the nation in scurry, uncovering to her the area of an obscure crowd of lost fortune. Dido assembled her companions and haters of the lord and took an armada of boats, cruising abroad with Pygmalion’s treasure securely put away ready. They went to a spot in the north of Africa where they purchased land â€Å"as much as a bull’s cover up would surround† and there they established a city, the city of Carthage. Dido likewise shows numerous good characteristics. A portion of these are:  Beauty †Queen Dido is wonderful. She is contrasted with the goddess Diana, â€Å"Just like (Diana), Queen Dido was cheerfully traveling through her squires to encourage on the work, to hurry her future domain. † Concerned for the resistance of her city †Queen Dido places watches around her city to ensure it. She discloses for what reason to Ilioneus, â€Å"My city is youthful: that’s why I need to do such things, and watchman every last bit of my frontiers†.  Knowledgeable †Queen Dido knows about undertakings outside her realm, even as distant as Troy. She is aware of the Trojan War and of Aeneas, â€Å"who has not known about Aeneas’ men, of the city of Troy, the fearlessness of its legends, and the flames of its horrendous wars? Our Carthaginian brains are not as dull as that, nor is our city so cut off from the remainder of the world! †  Hospitable †When the Trojan survivors show up, Queen Dido offers them food and wine. The Queen likewise sends food down to the survivors stayed outdoors on the shore, â€Å"She sent twenty bulls to his partners down on the shore, a hundred colossal, bristly-sponsored pig, a similar number of ewes and fat sheep, and blessings of wine to charm them. † Queen Dido even offers the Trojans a lasting home in Carthage, where they are to be treated as equivalents, â€Å"This city I’m building, it’s yours. Take up your boats. Trojan or Tyrian I’ll treat you the equivalent. † * Warmth †Queen Dido shows warmth and love to Aeneas and his child. She embraces them and is moved by their blessings to her. â€Å"Fondly she embraces him (Aeneas’ child), over and over to her breast†. * Fair and Just †Queen Dido is reasonable for every one of her subjects. She allots obligation and work similarly and she makes reasonable and just laws. The manner in which Virgil presents Aeneas and Dido in the primary book of the Aeneid makes the likenesses between them simple to recognize: They have both endured hardships and have in this way been driven away from their local terrains; the two of them are on journeys to establish new urban areas for their kin; the two of them show particular authority characteristics; they are both equipped for love and warmth. It is these similitudes between the two that makes it simpler to distinguish them as both being the saints in the book.

Hypothesis and Research Question Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Speculation and Research Question - Case Study Example For this paper, I expect that more is revealed to comprehend the advantages, the outcomes, and in particular, the difficulties of this new addictive mechanical method of imparting. It is fascinating to take note of that despite the fact that the youthful age specifically will in general appreciate most the advantages of Facebook and twitter, the writing audit has concentrated on the risks of being dependent via web-based networking media. This has brought about online interpersonal interaction and requests expanded responsibility and guideline of suppliers of the two significant destinations. Early surveys or studies proposed that online correspondence effectsly affected the client by diminishing up close and personal contact and expanding the degree of dejection. Later investigation shows that online life fixation prompts another age with egocentric-based way to deal with life, overdependence, and the dependence just acts to intensify these outcomes (Zemmels, 15). Using the Survey strategy and substance examination technique for explore, I anticipate that an enormous level of facebook and Twitter addicts will in general go through not exactly an hour on the destinations every day. The most energizing part is the thing that the media addicts do to remain on the web however they could have had awful encounters. Be that as it may, such encounters are overseen through methods, for example, obstructing the upsetting individual from reaching, showing that such encounters make them to think about instruments to keep away from the terrible encounters in future so as to proceed with a similar business on the destinations. Content investigation: It involves a blend of quantitative and subjective research strategies that attention on messages, making it capable for clients to measure data by utilization of recurrence tallies and rates. Any sort of substance can be broke down, including center gatherings, TV programming, meetings, articles, and news discharges. The populace that would be utilized for the exploration are commonly web based life clients who progressively use Facebook and

Architecture and Commerce-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Carson Pirie Scott Department Store, Louis Sullivan 1904. Answer: Presentation Carson Pirie Scott Department Store was the principal working in the nineteenth century that fused the word high rises in the city of Chicago1. The products of another flourishing are delighted in when the first lights of illuminated perspectives get through the dull issues that encompass us in this manner making another opportunity for the mankind Carson Pirie Scott Department Store breaks the dreariness of hordes of the tall structure along State and Madison Streets of Chicago. The structure is developed of bronze on the ground floor with the veneers completed on wide white. Carson Pirie Scott Department Store The structure serves to outline the connection among engineering and business. Being a draftsman of the neoclassical occasions, Sullivan kept up his expression of structure follows work in his plan work. He in this manner turned to thinking of a structure that mirrors the social capacities that are to be served by the space2. This was after he broke down the difficulties of skyscraper business design. He shows his way of thinking through depicting a perfect tripartite high rise in which the primary level which is the base level is the ground floor that houses business exercises. The simplicity of free, open space and light overwhelm. The subsequent level is gotten to by general society through the3 flight of stairs. The following level includes workplaces which have a similar plan since they serve a similar capacity. As was contended by a portion of the innovator draftsmen of the time, Sullivan based his structure accomplishing a greater amount of usefulness than excellence. It is conceivable to fabricate a lovely structure however around then Sullivan went for a structure that is appalling yet practical instead of simply raising just faade design. Sullivan delineates his way of thinking in the structure of Carson Pirie Scott Department Store in which he offers accentuation to the lower road level and passage that pull in customers into the store. He accomplishes that by utilizing extremely huge windows on the ground floor utilized in showing items, putting the three entryways that fill in as the passageway inside an adjusted inlet at an edge of the site4. The arrangement of the entryways makes them obvious from any bearing when one is moving toward the structure. References Giedion, Sigfried. Space, Time and Architecture: The Growth of a New Tradition. New York: Harvard University Press, 2013. Siry, Joseph. Carson Pirie Scott: Louis Sullivan and the Chicago Department Store. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.

The Long-Term Health Effects of Marijuana

The Long-Term Health Effects of Marijuana Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print Long-Term Health Affects of Smoking Marijuana By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on November 23, 2019 David Sutherland Collection/Photographers Choice/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery We’ve come a long way from the days when smoking marijuana was strictly a hush-hush activity. From increasing acceptance of recreational products made from pot to the use of medical marijuana to treat symptoms such as pain and nausea from chemotherapy, more and more people are being open about the role marijuana plays in their lives. But although theres less secrecy around marijuana use, it doesn’t necessarily mean it’s safeâ€"at least not for folks who smoke pot for fun. Scientists  don’t how long-term pot puffing affects the body, but there are studies that suggest it can cause several health problems over time. For instance, preliminary animal and human studies suggest smoking marijuana can put a damper on the  immune system. Here are three other health problems that may be linked to using pot. Breathing Problems Although marijuana and tobacco are two entirely different substances, smoking either has similar effects on the lungs. These can be more severe for pot smokers because they tend to inhale more deeply. Whats more, in order to bring about a high, they tend to hold the smoke in their lungs for as long as possible. This increases the amount of smoke the lungs are exposed to, putting them at even greater risk of certain respiratory problems  than tobacco smokers. For example, they may have increased production of phlegm leading to frequent coughing, and they may be especially prone to obstructed airways. Pot smokers also are at greater risk of chest colds and lung infections. When researchers in California analyzed the health records of 450 people who smoked marijuana (but not tobacco) daily, they found the  marijuana smokers  took more sick days off from work and had more doctor visits than did a similar group of subjects who did not smoke either tobacco or pot. Lung Cancer While coughing and colds are at the most annoying and inconvenient side effects of smoking marijuana, an increased risk of lung cancer is a life-threatening one. Marijuana smoke  contains some of the same cancer-causing compounds as tobaccoâ€"sometimes in higher concentrations. Given the way pot smokers hold in smoke after inhaling it, it’s easy to see why, puff for puff,  smoking marijuana  may increase  the risk of cancer more than  smoking tobacco  does. Studies show that someone who smokes five joints per day may be taking in as many cancer-causing chemicals as someone who smokes a full pack of cigarettes every day. The important word here is “may.” Its a challenge for researchers to figure out whether cannabis alone causes cancer because many people who smoke pot also smoke cigarettes and use other drugs.  Tobacco smoke and marijuana smoke  may work together to change the tissues lining the respiratory tract. Testicular Cancer Smoking marijuana may  be particularly dangerous for men in the long term. A number of studies suggest a link between an increased risk of testicular cancer, the most common cancer among males under 45. In one such study, published in 2012, men who smoked marijuana were two times as likely to develop testicular cancer as were those who didnt use pot. A 2015 study in  the peer-reviewed journal BMC Cancer  concluded that using cannabis once a week or for more than ten years was associated with an increased risk of testicular cancer (particularly  testicular germ cell tumors, or TGCTs).

Religious Doubt and Faith in Hopkins Later Poetry - Literature Essay Samples

The central role of religion in Hopkins’ life gives it a similar significance in his poetry. The later poems by Hopkins, collectively generalised as the ‘Terrible Sonnets’, emphasise how religious doubt and faith, affected largely by personal circumstance, formed the foundation of Hopkins’ late work. As the ‘Terrible Sonnets’ were mostly written at a time where Hopkins was in ill health, physically and mentally, from the stress of living in Dublin after 1884, his personal conflict with religion undoubtedly underpins these poems. Most of the later poems clearly present elements of doubt and despair as shown in ‘No worst, there is none’ and ‘Spelt from Sibyl’s Leaves’. However, some of these later poems can also be interpreted as containing hope, most notably in ‘That Nature is a Heracltiean Fire and the Comfort of Resurrection’ and even ‘Carrion Comfort’. The significance of religion is seen in the intense personal struggle that Hopkins endures as he questions his own faith. His lamentation in ‘My own heart let me have more pity on’ that â€Å"not live this tormented mind / With this tormented mind tormenting yet† encapsulates the distress of his situation in Dublin. The repetition of torment has many moving connotations of an endless and consuming frustration. The lines produce a sense of madness which has an almost schizophrenic quality. The use of â€Å"this† twice makes the article uncertain, which could also reflect the loss of certainty of identity endured by Hopkins as he questions his own faith. The contrast in the devices used by Hopkins between his earlier poems and the ‘Terrible Sonnets’ emphasises the significance of religion in his later poetry. In poems such as ‘God’s Granduer’ Hopkins expresses powerfully that â€Å"the world is charged with the grandeur of God†. The use of light and ‘electric’ image of â€Å"charged† is a typical feature of the earlier poems which reflect Hopkins’ perception of God as a saviour and as guide. By contrast the ‘Terrible Sonnets’ are characterised by darkness. The loss of light, which was previously embodied in religious faith and belief in God, implies that Hopkins endures religious doubt. ‘Spelt From Sybil’s Leaves’ has been seen as the transitory poem between Hopkins’ hope and â€Å"Despair† as he describes the coming of the night as â€Å"Her fond yellow hornlight wound to the west†. Hopkins sees darkness in this poem, and others, with a similar perspective. In ‘Spelt From Sybil’s Leaves’ he sees darkness as showing â€Å"For earth her being has been unbound, her dapple is at an end†. Hopkins interprets the coming of the night as an end to the ‘dapple’ and uniqueness that evokes such passion in his earlier p oems. ‘Spelt From Sybil’s Leaves’ has many ambiguities in the octet, in particular in his juxtaposition of â€Å"womb-of-all, home-of-all, hearse-of-all† to describe the night. â€Å"Womb† and â€Å"home† have immediately positive connotations of security and comfort and is powerfully contrasted by â€Å"hearse† which creates a morbid shift in tone. Although the lines could be interpreted as reflecting the peaceful night, the later line, â€Å"Our evening is over us; our night whelms, whelms and will end us† emphasises the view that Hopkins regards the darkness as a form of death. The association of darkness to ‘death’ can be interpreted as literal death and possibly reflecting Hopkins’ greater consciousness of his morbidity with his ill health and isolation. However, a biographical interpretation is difficult as the date of the poem is not precisely known. Darkness seems more appropriately related to the beg innings of religious doubt and used in similar style to Blake’s ‘A Little Boy Lost’ in which the boy is lost in darkness and searches for direction in God. Hopkins’ sense of being in darkness is characterised in ‘I wake and feel the fell of dark, not day†. The religious meaning is also visible in this poem as Hopkins laments that â€Å"God’s most deep decree / Bitter would have me taste†. Hopkins reflects â€Å"But where I say / Hours, I mean years, mean life† which suggests that his sense of Despair has consumed him to undo the foundations of his entire existence – therefore being a significant influence on his poetry. As Hopkins laments the loss of the earth’s â€Å"skeined stained, veined variety† the religious tone of the poem is emphasised as it leads to the poignant image of â€Å"all on two spools; part, pen pack†. The alliterative pairs of â€Å"skeined stained, veined variety† al so resonate with the image of division with two â€Å"spools†. The remainder of the poem has further religious imagery such as the separation of ‘good and evil’ emphasised by biblical connotations of â€Å"two flocks, two folds – black, white; right wrong†. Religion appears to be divisive for Hopkins, causing a personal conflict similar to torture as emphasised by the most poignant image of the poem – â€Å"of a rack, / where selfwrung, selfstrung, sheathe – and shelterless, thoughts against thoughts in groans grind.† As religious faith was so central to Hopkins, it seems most appropriate to interpret his sense of torture and darkness as a consequence of his conflict with the concept of God. Hopkins seems disturbed by an expectation of torture in death as emphasised by the image of â€Å"a rack.† This could reflect an element of religious doubt or fear of the eventual outcome of his existence. His coinage of the words â⠂¬Å"selfwrung, selfstrung† has immediate connotations of a personal conflict which, from the preceding religious imagery, is likely to reflect Hopkins’ struggles with religious faith in Dublin. The images resonate with the descriptions of Dante’s Inferno and the expression by Dante that the worst torture endured by humans is to act-out their sins for eternity; this is also implied by Hopkins’ image of â€Å"selfwrung, selfstrung†. Hopkins final words of â€Å"thoughts against thoughts in groans grind† can link to the same image but also emphasise his fears about his conflict with religion. Just as in ‘Carrion Comfort’ Hopkins seems horrified that â€Å"I wretch lay wrestling with (my God!) my God†, in ‘Spelt From Sybil’s Leaves’ as the darkness falls literally in the poem and metaphorically on Hopkins’ tone, he seems to be most concerned with religion. Hopkins emphasises the role of religion in h is later poems most clearly in ‘No worst there is none’. His demanding questions – â€Å"Comforter, where, where, is your comforting?† and â€Å"Mary, mother of us, where is your relief† – show the direct concern with religion. The repetition of â€Å"where† can be seen as forming the Sprung Rhythm. However, it seems to have more rhetorical importance as the line is sharp and powerful which is salient amid the general rhythm in showing the intensity of Hopkins’ emotions towards God (almost certainly represent by the metaphor of â€Å"comforter†). The anguish of the repetition only emphasises the sense of despair. Hopkins’ direct address to God is rarely seen in his earlier poetry, which may emphasise his personal turmoil at the time of writing. Just as he addresses the â€Å"comforter† and â€Å"Mary, mother of us† in ‘No worst there is none’, in ‘Carrion Comfort’ Hopkins is directly critical towards God: â€Å"O though terrible, why wouldst thou rude on me / Thy ring-world right foot rock?† The image of Hopkins being a â€Å"rock† and ‘kicked’ by God is emphasised by â€Å"my bruised bones† and â€Å"the hero whose heaven-handling flung me, foot trod.† Hopkins appears to lament his suffering despite him having â€Å"kissed the rod, / Hand rather† of God. God is likened to a â€Å"tempest† and the combination of different images used encapsulates the torment felt by Hopkins as his religious faith became shaken. His emotion, poetic expression and passion all appear to be driven by religious faith. There are, however, examples of Hopkins later poems which are not centred on God. ‘To seem the stranger lies my lot, my life’ emphasises the distress of Hopkins as he is â€Å"in Ireland now† and â€Å"at a third / Remove†. This poem is important in examining the causes of the des pairing tone presented by Hopkins consistently throughout his later poems. The isolation from his family while in Dublin and the extraordinary emotional pressure it placed on Hopkins is shown poignantly in this poem as he even feels distanced from â€Å"Father and mother dear, / Brothers and sisters† because they are â€Å"in Christ not near†. This line exemplifies religion as an important concern of Hopkins’ poetry as again shows how his choice of religion distanced him from his family. However, the religious aspect is not central to this particular poem as it seems more to embody Hopkins’ lament at his distance from his family and isolation. The distance that Hopkins seems to feel from himself and his expectations of his character appears to be equally important. The central notion of ‘To seem the stranger lies my lot, my life’ appears to be in the lines â€Å"Only what word / Wisest my heart breeds dark heaven’s baffling ban / Bars or hell’s spell thwarts.† In addition to religious doubt and faith, Hopkins also struggles with his own character as he finds his passion of writing beginning to fade. Even until his final poem, ‘To R.B.’, this concern consumes Hopkins – â€Å"I want the one rupture of an inspiration†. Therefore, in Hopkins’ later poetry, his religious doubt seems to emerge due to his intense struggles with being unable to write and feelings of isolation. The one exception of religious doubt being significant among the later poems is in ‘That Nature is a Heracltiean Fire and the Comfort of Resurrection,’ which also shows the strength of faith. The poem contains a rare image of light for the ‘Terrible Sonnets’ in the lines, â€Å"Across my foundering deck shone / A beacon, an eternal beam† which could represents the hope that Hopkins may have seen in the transience of existence and suffering in anticipation of an afterli fe with salvation. This transience is reflected by the image of â€Å"Heracltiean fire† in its association with the philosophy of Heraclites on the cyclical nature of existence. His regaining of hope in this poem as he suggests â€Å"I am all at once what Christ is† and â€Å"This Jack, joke, poor postherd, patch matchwood, immortal diamond / Is immortal diamond† reflects the strength of Hopkins’ religious sentiments to influence his poetry. The sprung rhythm of the penultimate rhyme with the euphony of the ‘dappled’ alliteration and contrasts of images between â€Å"matchwood† and â€Å"immortal diamond† reflect the power of faith to inspire Hopkins. The return of more coloured language and further light, implied by the diamond imagery, suggests Hopkins found momentary relief amidst his despair. The separation of the final â€Å"immortal diamond† on the last line reflects the confidence in his conclusion. The line is pre sented firmly and individually showing no expression of doubt and a finality that is embodied in being â€Å"immortal†. Hopkins is unable to break from his religious faith and even expresses this in ‘Carrion Comfort’, one of his most despairing poems, that he will â€Å"not choose not to be.† Since Hopkins returns to religion in the time of his greatest tribulation, despite the sometimes accusing tone, it is possible to suggest that religion is central to his life and poetry. The foundation of his religious faith seems to be the very cause of his greatest sorrow in suffering. It is only because of religious belief and faith that Hopkins is troubled by his suffering and questions the central foundation of his existence. Before the ‘Terrible Sonnets’, Hopkins was consistently positive and passionate towards nature and God’s creation. The exhortations of instress and inscape seen in poems such as ‘The Windhover’ and ‘Pie d Beauty’ is absent from the later poems. Although it can be dubious to examine what is not there, with such a central feature of almost every poem written by Hopkins, the absence of this highest passion shows the great religious turmoil that he endured. The fear, uncertainty and devastation of having doubts about such fundamental faith are the underpinnings of the emotions in Hopkins’ later poetry.

Forming Plural Nouns in Italian

As you know, all nouns or sostantivi in Italian have an implicit gender—masculine or feminine, depending on their Latin root or other derivation—and that gender, together with their number—whether they are singular or plural—colors nearly everything else in the language, except, perhaps, for some verb tenses. Of course, it is essential that you learn which nouns are feminine or masculine—or how to recognize them—and how to correctly make a singular noun into a plural. How Does One Know? Mostly—and you will see that there are some exceptions—nouns ending in -o are masculine and nouns ending in -a are feminine (and then there is the vast world of sostantivi in -e, which we discuss below). You know about -a and -o from proper names, if nothing else: Mario is a guy; Maria is a girl (though there are some exceptions there, too). Vino, gatto, parco, and albero are masculine nouns (wine, cat, park, and tree); macchina, forchetta, acqua, and pianta are feminine (car, fork, water, and plant). Interestingly, in Italian most fruits are feminine—la mela (the apple), la pesca (the peach), loliva (the olive)—but fruit trees are masculine: il melo (the apple tree), il pesco (the peach tree), and lulivo (the olive tree). This is not something you or anyone else decides or chooses: It just is. Singular feminine nouns are accompanied by the definite article la, and singular masculine nouns by the definite article il or lo (those that get lo are those that begin with a vowel, with s plus a consonant, and with gn, z, and ps), and when you pluralize the noun, you must also pluralize the article: la becomes le, il becomes i, and lo becomes gli. The article, together with a series of other parts of speech in a sentence such as adjectives and pronouns, tell you if a noun is masculine or feminine. Alternatively, you need to look it up. Pluralizing Masculine Nouns Ending in -O Regularly, masculine nouns ending in -o become, in the plural, masculine nouns ending in -i. Singolare Plurale l(o)'amico gli amici the friend/friends il vino i vini the wine/wines il gatto i gatti the cat/cats il parco i parchi the park/parks l(o)'albero gli alberi the tree/trees il tavolo i tavoli the table/tables il libro i libri the book/books il ragazzo i ragazzi the boy/boys -Co to -Chi and -Go to -Ghi Note that amico becomes amici, but that is actually an exception (together with medico/medici, or doctor/doctors). In fact, most nouns that end in -co take -chi in the plural; most nouns that end in -go take -ghi in the plural. The insertion of the h keeps the hard sound in the plural. Singolare Plurale il parco i parchi the park/parks il fuoco i fuochi the fire/fires il banco i banchi the desk/desks il gioco i giochi the game/games il lago i laghi the lake/lakes il drago i draghi the dragon/dragons Pluralizing Feminine Nouns Ending in -A Regular feminine nouns that end in -a generally take an  -e ending in the plural. With them, the article la changes to le. Singolare Plurale l(a)'amica le amiche the friend/friends la macchina le macchine the car/cars la forchetta le forchette the fork/forks l(a)'acqua le acque the water/waters la pianta le piante the plant/plants la sorella le sorelle the sister/sisters la casa le case the house/houses la penna le penne the pen/pens la pizza le pizze the pizza/pizzas la ragazza le ragazze the girl/girls -Ca to -Che and -Ga to -Ghe Feminine nouns in -ca and -ga pluralize for the most part to -che and -ghe: Singolare Plurale la cuoca le cuoche the cook/cooks la banca le banche the bank/banks la musica le musiche the music/musics la barca le barche the boat/boats la droga le droghe the drug/drugs la diga le dighe the dam/dams la collega le colleghe the colleague/colleagues -Cia to -Cie/-Gia to -Gie and -Cia to -Ce/-Gia to -Ge Beware: Among female nouns there are some that end in -cia and -gia that pluralize in -cie and -gie— la farmacia/le farmacie (the farmacy/farmacies)la camicia/le camicie (the shirt/shirts)la magia/le magie (the magic/magics) —but some lose the i in the plural (this happens generally if the i is not needed to maintain the words accenting): la lancia/le lance (the spear/spears)la doccia/le docce (the shower/showers)larancia/le arance (the orange/oranges)la spiaggia/le spiagge (the beach/beaches) Again, there is nothing wrong with looking up a plural while you are committing your new vocabulary to memory. Pluralizing Nouns Ending in -E And then there is a very large group of Italian nouns that end in -e that encompasses both masculine and feminine nouns, and that, regardless of gender, pluralize by taking the ending -i. To know whether a word that ends in -e is feminine or masculine you can look at the article, if you have one available, or other clues in the sentence. If you are just learning a new noun in -e, you should look it up to find out. Some are counterintuitive: fiore (flower) is masculine! Maschilesing/plur Femminilesing/plur il mare/i mari the sea/seas l(a)'arte/le arti the art/arts l(o)'animale/gli animali the animal/animals la neve/le nevi the snow/snows lo stivale/gli stivali the boot/boots la stazione/le stazioni the station/stations il padre/i padri the father/fathers la madre/le madri the mother/mothers il fiore/i fiori the flower/flowers la notte/le notti the night/nights il bicchiere/i bicchieri the glass/glasses la stagione/le stagioni the season/seasons il colore/i colori the color/colors la prigione/le prigioni the prison/prisons Within this group it is helpful to know, for example, that all words ending in -zione are feminine: la nazione/le nazioni (the nation/nations)l(a)attenzione/le attenzioni (the attention/attentions)la posizione/le posizioni (the position/positions)la dominazione/le dominazioni (the domination/dominations) Male/Female Variations Within -O/-A Endings Note the ragazzo/ragazza nouns in the tables above: There are many such nouns that have a feminine version and a male version with a mere change of the o/a ending (and, of course, the article): Maschilesing/plur Femminilesing/plur l(o)'amico/gli amici l(a)'amica/le amiche the friend/friends il bambino/i bambini la bambina/le bambine the child/children lo zio/gli zii la zia/le zie the uncle/uncles/aunt/aunts il cugino/i cugini la cugina/le cugine the cousin/cousins il nonno/i nonni la nonna/le nonne the grandfather/grandfathers/grandmother/grandmothers il sindaco/i sindaci la sindaca/le sindache the mayor/mayors There are also nouns that are identical in the singular for male and female (only the article tells you the gender)—but in the plural change ending to suit the gender: Singolare (masc/fem) Plurale(masc/fem) il barista/la barista the bartender i baristi/le bariste the bartenders l(o)'artista/la artista the artist gli artisti/le artiste the artists il turista/la turista the tourist i turisti/le turiste the tourists il cantante/la cantante the singer i cantanti/le cantanti the singers l(o)'abitante/la abitante the inhabitant gli abitanti/le abitanti the inhabitants l(o)'amante/la amante the lover gli amanti/le amanti the lovers Male/Female Counterparts in -E There are also male nouns in -e that have similar female counterparts: lo scultore/la scultrice (the sculptor masc/fem)l(o)attore/la attrice (the actor masc/fem)il pittore/la pittrice (the painter masc/fem) When they pluralize, they and their articles follow normal patterns for their genders: gli scultori/le scultrici (the sculptors masc/fem)gli attori/le attrici (the actors masc/fem)i pittori/le pittrici (the painters masc/fem) Strange Behaviors Many, many Italian nouns have eccentric ways of pluralizing: Masculine Nouns Ending in -A There are a number of masculine nouns that end in -a and pluralize in -i: il poeta/i poeti (the poet/poets)il poema/i poemi (the poem/poems)il problema/i problemi (the problem/problems)il papa/i papi (the pope/popes) Masculine Nouns in -O That Pluralize in the Feminine These pluralize in what appears to be a singular feminine with a plural article: Il dito/le dita (the finger/fingers)Il labbro/le labbra (the lip/lips)Il ginocchio/le ginocchia (the knee/knees)Il lenzuolo/le lenzuola (the sheet/sheets) Il muro (the wall) has two plurals: le mura to mean the walls of a city, but i muri to mean the walls of a house. The same for il braccio (the arm): le braccia to mean the arms of a person, but i bracci for the arms of a chair. Feminine Nouns in -O A tiny but important category of exceptions, both in the singular and the plural: la mano/le mani (the hand/hands)la eco (leco)/gli echi (the echo/echoes) Masculine Nouns Ending in -Io In the plural, these just drop the final -o: il bacio/i baci (the kiss/kisses)il pomeriggio/i pomeriggi (the afternoon/afternoons)lo stadio/gli stadi (the stadium/stadiums)il viaggio/i viaggi (the trip/trips)il negozio/i negozi (the store/stores) Words of Foreign Origin Words of foreign origin stay unchanged in the plural (no s); only the article changes. il film/i film (the film/films)il computer/i computer (the computer/computers)il bar/i bar (the bar/bars) Accented Words Words that end in accento grave stay unchanged in the plural; only the article changes. il caffà ¨/i caffà ¨ (the coffee/coffees)la libertà  /le libertà   (the freedom/freedoms)l(a)università  /le università   (the university/universities)il tiramisà ¹/i tiramisà ¹ (the tiramisà ¹/tiramisà ¹)la città  /le città   (the city/cities)il lunedà ¬/i lunedà ¬ (that goes for all accented days of the week)la virtà ¹/le virtà ¹ (the virtue/virtues)il papà  /i papà   (the dad/the dads) (this is also a male noun ending in -a) Invariable Unaccented Some other words (including monosyllabic words) remain unaltered in the plural; again, only the article changes. il re/i re (the king/kings)il caffelatte/i caffelatte (the latte/lattes)leuro/gli euro (the euro/euros) Nouns of Greek Origin These change only in the article (interestingly they change in English in the plural): la nevrosi/le nevrosi (the neurosis/neuroses)la analisi/le analisi (the analysis/analyses)la crisi/le crisi (the crisis/crises)la ipotesi/le ipotesi (the hypothesis/hypotheses) Miscellaneous Exceptions il bue/i buoi (the ox/oxen)il dio/gli dei (the god/gods)lo zio/gli zii (the uncle/uncles) And best of all: luovo/le uova (the egg/eggs)lorecchio/le orecchie (the ear/ears)luomo/gli uomini (the man/men) Buono studio!

Coca (Cocaine) History, Domestication, and Use

Coca, the source of natural cocaine, is one of a handful of shrubs in the Erythroxylum family of plants. Erythroxylum includes over 100 different species of trees, shrubs and sub-shrubs native to South America and elsewhere. Two of the South American species, E. coca and E. novogranatense, have potent alkaloids occurring in their leaves, and those leaves have been used for their medicinal and hallucinogenic properties for thousands of years. E. coca originates from the montaà ±a zone of the eastern Andes, between 500 and 2,000 meters (1,640-6,500 feet)  above sea level. The earliest archaeological evidence of coca use is in coastal Ecuador, ca 5,000 years ago. E. novagranatense is known as Colombian coca and it is more able to adapt to different climates and elevations; it first up in northern Peru beginning about 4,000 years ago. Coca Use The ancient method of Andean cocaine use involves folding coca leaves into a quid and placing it between the teeth and the inside of the cheek. An alkaline substance, such as powdered wood ash or baked and powdered seashells is then transferred into the quid using a silver awl or pointed tube of limestone. This method of consumption was first described to Europeans by the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who met coca users when he visited the coast of northeastern Brazil, in AD 1499. Archaeological evidence shows the procedure is much older than that. Coca use was part of ancient Andean daily life, an important symbol of cultural identity in ceremonies, and used medicinally as well. Chewing coca is said to be good for relief of fatigue and hunger, beneficial for gastrointestinal illnesses, and said to ease the pain of dental caries, arthritis, headaches, sores, fractures, nosebleed, asthma, and impotence. Chewing coca leaves also is believed to ease the effects of living in high altitudes.   Chewing more than 20-60 grams (.7-2 ounces) of coca leaves results in a cocaine dose of 200-300 milligrams, equivalent to one line of powdered cocaine. Coca Domestication History The earliest evidence of coca use discovered to date comes from a handful of preceramic sites in the Nancho Valley. Coca leaves have been direct-dated by AMS to 7920 and 7950 cal BP. Artifacts associated with coca processing were also found in contexts dated as early as 9000-8300 cal BP. What is the AMS dating method?What does cal BP mean? Evidence for coca use has also been from in caves in the Ayacucho valley of Peru, within levels dated between 5250-2800 cal BC. Evidence for coca use has been identified from most cultures in South America, including Nazca, Moche, Tiwanaku, Chiribaya and Inca cultures. According to ethnohistoric records, horticulture and use of coca became a state monopoly in the Inca empire about AD 1430. The Inca elites restricted use to the nobility beginning in the 1200s, but coca continued to widen in use until all but lowest classes had access at the time of the Spanish conquest. Archaeological Evidence of Coca Use Nanchoc valley sites (Peru), 8000-7800 cal BPAyacucho valley caves (Peru), 5250-2800 cal BCValdivia culture (3000 BC) of coastal Ecuador (may represent long-distance trade or domestication)Peruvian coast (2500-1800 BC)Nazca figurines (300 BC-AD 300)Moche (AD 100-800) pots illustrate a bulging cheek, and coca leaves in gourds have been recovered from Moche tombsTiwanaku by AD 400Arica, Chile by AD 400The Cabuza culture (ca AD 550) mummies buried with coca quids in their mouths In addition to the presence of coca quids and kits, and the artistic depictions of coca use, archaeologists have used the presence of excessive alkali deposits on human teeth and alveolar abscesses as evidence. However, it isnt clear whether abscesses are caused by coca use, or treated by coca use, and results have been ambiguous about using excessive calculus on teeth. Beginning in the 1990s, gas chromatography was used to identify cocaine use in mummified human remains, particularly the Chirabaya culture, recovered from the Atacama Desert of Peru. The identification of BZE, a metabolic product of coca (benzoylecgonine), in hair shafts, is considered ample evidence of coca use, even for modern-day users. Coca Archaeological Sites San Lorenzo del Mate (Ecuador), 500 BC-AD 500, adult male interment with excessive calculus deposits on his teeth, an associated decorated shell spatula and a small bowl-like deposit of an alkali substance (probably once in a gourd)Las Balsas (Ecuador) (300 BC-AD 100). Cal receptaclePLM-7, Arica site in coastal Chile, 300 BC, coca kitPLM-4, Tiwanakoid sites in Chile with a bag full of coca leavesLlullallaco, Argentina, Inca period child sacrifices exhibited coca consumption prior to death Sources: Bussmann R, Sharon D, Vandebroek I, Jones A, and Revene Z. 2007. Health for Sale: The Medicinal Plant Markets in Trujillo and Chiclayo, Northern Peru. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3(1):37.Cartmell LW, Aufderheide AC, Springfield A, Weems C, and Arriaza B. 1991. The Frequency and Antiquity of Prehistoric Coca-Leaf-Chewing Practices in Northern Chile: Radioimmunoassay of a Cocaine Metabolite in Human-Mummy Hair. Latin American Antiquity 2(3):260-268.Dillehay TD, Rossen J, Ugent D, Karathanasis A, Và ¡squez V, and Netherly PJ. 2010. Early Holocene coca chewing in northern Peru. Antiquity 84(326):939-953.Gade DW. 1979. Inca and colonial settlement, coca cultivation and endemic disease in the tropical forest. Journal of Historical Geography 5(3):263-279.Ogalde JP, Arriaza BT, and Soto EC. 2009. Identification of Psychoactive Alkaloids in Ancient Andean Human Hair by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(2):467-472.Plowman T. 1981 Amazonia n coca. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3(2-3):195-225.Springfield AC, Cartmell LW, Aufderheide AC, Buikstra J, and Ho J. 1993. Cocaine and Metabolites in the Hair of Ancient Peruvian Coca Leaf Chewers. Forensic Science International 63(1-3):269-275.Ubelaker DH, and Stothert KE. 2006. Elemental Analysis of Alkalis and Dental Deposits Associated with Coca Chewing in Ecuador. Latin American Antiquity 17(1):77-89.Wilson AS, Brown EL, Villa C, Lynnerup N, Healey A, Ceruti MC, Reinhard J, Previgliano CH, Araoz FA, Gonzalez Diez J et al.  2013. Archaeological, radiological, and biological evidence offer insight into Inca child sacrifice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(33):13322-13327.

Centrosaurus - Facts and Figures

Name: Centrosaurus (Greek for pointed lizard); pronounced SEN-tro-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of western North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and three tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Single, long horn on end of snout; moderate size; large frill over head About Centrosaurus It was probably too dumb to notice the difference, but Centrosaurus was definitely lacking when it came to defensive armament: this ceratopsian possessed only a single long horn on the end of its snout, compared to three for Triceratops (one on its snout and two over its eyes) and five (more or less, depending on how youre counting) for Pentaceratops. Like others of its breed, Centrosaurus horn and large frill probably served dual purposes: the frill as a sexual display and (possibly) a way to dissipate heat, and the horn to head-butt other Centrosaurus adults during mating season and intimidate hungry raptors and tyrannosaurs. Centrosaurus is known by literally thousands of fossil remains, making it one of the worlds best-attested ceratopsians. The first, isolated remains were discovered by Lawrence Lambe in Canadas Alberta province; later, nearby, researchers discovered two vast Centrosaurus bonebeds, containing thousands of individuals of all growth stages (newborns, juveniles, and adults) and extending for hundreds of feet. The most likely explanation is that these herds of migrating Centrosaurus were drowned by flash floods, not an unusual fate for dinosaurs during the late Cretaceous period, or that they simply perished of thirst while gathered around a dry water hole. (Some of these Centrosaurus bonebeds are interlaced with Styracosaurus fossils, a possible hint that this even more ornately decorated ceratopsian was in the process of displacing Centrosaurus 75 million years ago.) Recently, paleontologists announced a pair of new North American ceratopsians that seem to have been closely related to Centrosaurus, Diabloceratops and Medusaceratops--both of which sported their own unique horn/frill combinations reminiscent of their more famous cousin (hence their classification as centrosaurine rather than chasmosaurine ceratopsians, albeit ones with very Triceratops-like characteristics as well). Given the profusion of ceratopsians discovered in North America over the last few years, it may be the case that the evolutionary relationships of Centrosaurus and its nearly indistinguishable cousins have yet to be fully sorted out.

Comparing Emotions Love And Hate - 881 Words

Comparing Emotions: Love and Hate Emotions come with every thought and action that is had throughout the day. Whether it is an emotion towards an academic class, the nerves of meeting someone new, or even what is felt about the day as a whole; there is always an emotion that is being felt. The two most extreme emotions are hate and love. Most sub-emotions come from these two powerful feelings. Anger, happiness, sorrow, and anxiety can all be results of both love and hate. To most, these emotions seem like contradictory ideas. They have obvious differences to make them appear as opposites but, when broken down, they have a lot more in common than accounted for. Hate and love both contain powerful definitions, passionate emotions, artistic expression, cause and effect of one another, and complexity. According to Dictionary.com, the definition of love is â€Å"a profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person; a feeling of warm personal attachment or deep affection.† W hen first read, this term can bring ideas of joy and fulfillment. There tend to be a lot more positive associations with love because of what has been told through movies, society, and personal experience. It is not always realized that many negativities, such as sadness and anger, can be associated with love as well. Hate, on the other hand, is defined by Dictionary.com as â€Å"to dislike intensely or passionately; to feel extreme aversion for.† However, when the word hate is mentioned, it does not have theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jodi Picoult s The Storyteller1183 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Love can be simply stated to be the desire of the human being to integrate oneself with other selves in such a way that one starts feeling the pain and pleasure of another person as if of one’s own. 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Different characteristics of a good business Free Essays

Bring out the difference between personal letters and business letters. Discuss the different characteristics of a good business letter. Importance of business letter Differences Characteristics 3 Writing effectively is a skill, which can be learnt and perfected. We will write a custom essay sample on Different characteristics of a good business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Explain the general principles of Effective writing. What are the various techniques to improve your writing skills? General principles of Effective writing Techniques to improve writing skills 4 What groundwork does one need to do to make an effective presentation? How do verbal, vocal and visual components of communication impact a presentation? Groundwork needed to make an effective presentation Verbal, vocal and visual components impact on presentation Explain the contents of a good resume. Distinguish between the different types of resumes. Contents of good resume Types of Resumes 6 With growing competition and volatile market conditions, Jobs are not secured as they ought to be previously. What are the factors looked into by the prospective employers? Identify the techniques, which should be used by an interviewee to get a good Job. Factors Job interview techniques Define the term ‘Organizational Behavior†. Explain the importance of Organizational Behavior. Definition of Organizational Behavior Importance of Organizational Behavior 2 Explain the following: a) Span of Control b) Centralization and Decentralization 3 Describe the personality traits influencing Organizational behavior. Personality traits influencing Organizational Behavior 4 Define the term motivation. Explain Mascots need Hierarchy theory. Definition of motivation Mascots hierarchy theory 5 Explain the functions of communication. Mention some of the tips or techniques for effective communication. Functions of communication Tips or techniques for effective communication 6 Write short notes on the following: a) Organization Culture ) Conflict management a) Organizational Culture Monetary policy regulates the money supply in an economy. How to cite Different characteristics of a good business, Papers

Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion free essay sample

Cannon and Bard highlighted the role of the brain in generating physiological responses and feelings; a role that is important in their explanation of emotion experience and production. The main assertions of the Cannon–Bard theory are that emotional expression results from the function of hypothalamic structures, and emotional feeling results from stimulations of the dorsal thalamus. The physiological changes and subjective feeling of an emotion in response to a stimulus are separate and independent; arousal does not have to occur before the emotion (Adcock, 1976). Cannon-Bard theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling and muscle tension simultaneously. More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction(Hayes, 2003). For example: I see a snake gt; I am afraid gt; I begin to tremble. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we react to a stimulus and experience the associated emotion at the same time (Carlson, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The key component of the Cannon–Bard theory of emotion is that when the thalamic discharge occurs, the bodily changes occur almost simultaneously with the emotional experience. The bodily changes and emotional experience occur separately and independently of one another; physiological arousal does not have to precede emotional expression or experience. The theory asserts that the thalamic region is the brain area responsible for emotional responses to experienced stimuli (Adcock, 1976). Walter Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory for several reasons. He argued that emotion occurs even if the bodily changes which transmit feedback to the brain are eliminated (Hayes, 2003). He severed neural connections to the cortex of cats (creating â€Å"decorticate cats†). The decorticate cats, when provoked, exhibited the emotional behavior normally associated with rage and aggression, as demonstrated by erect hair, growling, and the baring of teeth (Hayes, 2003). (Canon called the behavior sham rage because according to the James-Lange theory emotional behavior could not occur without connections to the brain. In addition, Cannon argued that visceral responses occur too slowly to be recognized by the brain before emotional responses to a stimuli occur

Logistics and Operations Management Execution - Control and Design

Question: Analyse the problems of controlling component activities and of controlling quality. Critically discuss methods of project evaluation and of scheduling resources. Answer: Introduction to Apple MacBook Pro The execution, control and design of operations which helps in converting resources into desired products and services are called operation management. It deals with the implementation of the organizations business strategy. In the year 2006, January 10, the first original fifteen inch MacBook Pro was launched by Steve Jobs. The product was launched at Macworld Conference and Expo. Later on, the seventeen-inch model was launched on 24th April 2006. The product which was designed first uses Intel Core CPUs instead of using PowerPC G4 chips. PowerPC G4 is only used on Apple computers as well as on Eyetech. It is a fourth generation microprocessor. On the other hand, Intel Core microprocessors were mainly created for the business purpose. These processors get updated frequently. The first one was Intel Pentium with its successive Pentium 2, Pentium 3 and Pentium 4. The second one was Intel Core with its successive Intel Core 2 Solo, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad and Core 2 Extreme. The last o nes are Core i3, i5, and i7. This Apple product is the high-end model of the MacBook family. In the year 2008, October 14, the second generation of computer was launched and was called as the unibody. This model has more shaped design and it has the outer case which was made up of the single slab of aluminum. Later the model was called aluminum unibody MacBook. Some updates were introduced in the MacBook Pro with processors such as Intel Core i7 and i5. A technology named Thunderbolt of Intel Company was also introduced in the product. In June 2012, Apple released the third generation MacBook Pro with a display of fifteen inches. One of the most attractive features of the third generation MacBook Pro is Retina display. This display has higher resolution. The optical drive was removed from the system. The hard disk drives were also replaced with solid-state drives. Apple uses OS X as their main operating system. This operating system is built on UNIX platform. It was engineered in such way so as to take the full advantage of the capability of the hardware. The operating system comes with amazing and exciting applications for everyday use. The applications are Photos, iMovie, GarageBand, Pages, Numbers, Keynote, Safari, Mail, Messages, FaceTime, Calendar, Notes, Reminders, Maps, Contacts, iBooks, App Store and iTunes. The graphics and processor with its all-flash architecture display and memory provide excellent capabilities of video editing. Software like Final Cut Pro based on professional video editing and Logic Pro based on professional music composing are only supportable in MacBook. This innovative technology brought a revolution in the professional world. The importance of process designs on Apple MacBook The designing of a product like Apple MacBook Pro can be done by utilizing a regular series of processes that engineers employ while creating functional products (Sanchez-Rodrigues, Potter and Naim, 2010). The concept of engineering is based on business knowledge and the product to generate ideas and convert them into usable objects. It is known as product design. Before developing a product, it is vital for a designer to know very carefully about the demand for the product in the market. The product must be designed according to the customer needs. Regular customer gives feedback about an old version of products regarding including new features and applications or making the product user-friendly (Borisov and Velyova, 2016). After that, screening of product plays a significant role such as attractiveness of the product operation. It also shows the risk of the operation. The designing of product requires series of stages before launching it to the international market. Each of these phases has owned individual significances. The stages are as follows: Specifying the package components It is the first phase of preliminary product design. It is very crucial as it determines what components will be introduced into the product (Chambers, 2013). For example, in MacBook Pro basic product specifications such as hard disk drives, microprocessors, RAM, ROM, DVD writer need to be introduced before launching it into the market. Reduction in complexity of design This is the second stage which reduces the complexity of the product. The reduction in complexity makes a product more-user friendly. It makes a product easier to use. There are three common approaches for complexity reduction such as commonality, standardization, and modularization (Miser, 2011). The former approach helps in simplifying the complexity based on the design by utilizing common elements of products. The next one deals with the diversity in product. The last one is about designing the sub-components in a product. For example, adding software specifications such as the introduction of applications and features. Final process to create a package In this stage, final packaging is done. It is a very crucial stage as it assembles all the parts and put into a single unit to create the final product. The next one is designing improvement and evaluation of a product. Typical techniques are used at this stage to evaluate and improve the preliminary design (Banks, 2013). The techniques are the Taguchi method, deployment of quality function and value engineering. The former one is testing the robustness of the design. The next one ensures that whether the product design meets the demands of the customer. The last one reduces cost and prevents any unnecessary cost before the production of the product. Finally, it is important to provide the final details of the product. The aims and objectives of designing Apple MacBook Before launching any product, all companies including Apple must set its goals, objectives and strategies for the marketing of a product. The marketing can be well understood by the marketing mix (J. Wilson, 2015). The marketing mix has 4 Ps such as price, promotion, product, and place. The 4 Ps of marketing help the marketing manager to develop successfully a strategy based on promotion and services of products to customers. Firstly, a price is the cost of products. The promotion is the strategy behind advertising of product to target customers. The product or merchandise is something which can be sold in the market, satisfying the customer needs and demands. In the case of places, the buyers look for places where they can find products. Based on product, Apple offers finest products at best prices. Their objectives are to continue for creating innovative products (P. Dempsey, 2015). The Apple team will need a good team to create their innovative products in the international market. Due to their innovation, they make a leading position in the market. They need a strong research and a strong development team. On the other hand, they need to dictate and innovate the movement of future technology. Apple must continue to improve their technology since technology is changing and customer seeks for more innovation. After all, brand loyalty is important. They must study the market to understand what customer want while improving their current product. The company needs to expand their stores around the world. As the result, this expansion of stores can increase their customers from the corners of the world. Other places like selling their products online will be an advantage for the company. Based on their price, they sell branded products at best price. The objective regarding their price is to sustain and enter finest pricing while attempting to get profit from market share. However, it will be profitable for them to use low cost during the manufacturing of products. On promotion side, the company can make a great advantage by following excellent marketing strategies behind their advertisement of products with the help of mass media like TVs, radios, and newspapers (P. Dempsey, 2015). The stages of designing a product The designing of a product must be done by following proper steps. It needs proper control and planning with inventory and capacity management. It also needs proper resources and risk management because risks are normal factors which get involved during a manufacturing process. For example, during the manufacture of Apple MacBook some accident may happen which can be harmful to the company and its employees. There are few stages which are to be followed during its manufacturing method (The Teardown: MacBook Air 13-inch 128GB, 2013). Generating an idea Before the development of a product, making an idea is necessary. The best way to start is with SWOT analysis of the product which describes about the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a product. Others are doing market research, looking at competition market and taking suggestions from employees and partners. Screening the idea Screening criteria need market potential and affordability. Development of concept and testing It is the stage of developing a concept about the product and testing it. For example, every system is built on a basic algorithm. Therefore, MacBook Pro also needs an algorithm (Liikkanen and Reavey, 2015). Analysis of business Once, the concept has been developed; business analysis is done. It includes marketing strategy, a positioning of the product, highlighting the target market as well as marketing mix of the product. This analysis is done based on a demand of the product, identification, and competition of such a point where the total revenues equal total expense and a full assessment of the cost. Product development As soon as the new product is approved for its proper research, the product is passed through technical and development stage. Testing the market It introduces the product prototype based on the proposed plan of the market. Here, testing is processed based on consumer uses. This procedure is necessary to validate the complete concept, and it is utilized for further refinement process. Commercialization When the product is finally developed and tested, final decisions are made so as to launch the product into the market. Launching the product It is the last step which describes a detailed plan about the launching of the product. All these stages require operation management which is concerned with the conversion of materials and labor into services and products to maximize the profit of the organization. The designing of the product also needs supply chain management which contains storage and movement of raw materials, finished goods, and inventory process. Impact on performance of designing a product Apple MacBook Pro is a well known branded product, and it requires intelligent skills of the employee rather than hard physical work during the designing of this product. Their objectives behind their manufacturing of product impact on the performance of the employees. Performance management aids on building high-performance culture for teams as well as the individual. Therefore, the employees take own responsibility for the improvement of the processes in business on the continuous basis. At the same time, they increase their skills by upgrading their skills within a management framework. The objectives of the organization enable the employees to achieve their better standards of the work performance (Apple Advertisement, 2012). It also aids the employees to identify the skills and knowledge which are required for performing the job efficiently and smoothly. As a result, it drives their focus towards performing a task in an appropriate and proper manner. On the other hand, it promot es personal development and advancement in the career of employees by aiding them in acquiring the desired skills and knowledge. As it is told earlier that Apple is a famous company, and, therefore, the objectives are made in such way so that it can boost the performance of the employees by encouraging the empowerment of the employees, their implementation, and motivation towards an efficient reward mechanism. This means that the employees will perform with an expectation of getting rewards from a famous company like Apple. This approach to performance management has become an indispensable instrument in the hands of the corporate. It is a future process as it involves both the employees and the supervisors with a target of setting a particular goal for the development of the company at the beginning of each year. Conclusion The above report is based on the marketing of Apple MacBook. The report includes the modification of the particular product and its strategies and objectives behind their marketing. The first portion describes about the details and specification of the product. The next portion deals with the importance of process design on Apple MacBook. The third one is about the aims and objectives of product design. The fourth portion describes about the stages of designing the product and the last one analyzed the impact of product performance. References Apple Advertisement. (2012). Computer, 45(6), pp.92-92. Banks, A. (2013). Independent guide to the apple macbook. [Place of publication not identified]: Dennis Publishing. Borisov, A. and Velyova, V. (2016). Logistics management of processes ensuring the operations of oil derivatives chain. MEST Journal, 4(1), pp.11-18. Chambers, M. (2013). MacBook for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Wilson, (2015). News Briefing: Consumer Technology - Apple MacBook sets new gold standard for notebooks. Engineering Technology, 10(3), pp.21-21. Liikkanen, L. and Reavey, H. (2015). Resonance testing: an industry approach for experiential concept evaluation. IJPD, 20(4), p.265. Miser, B. (2011). MacBook Pro. Indianapolis, Ind.: Wiley. Dempsey, (2015). The Teardown: Apple MacBook 2015. Engineering Technology, 10(5), pp.88-89. Sanchez-Rodrigues, M., Potter, D. and Naim, P. (2010). EVALUATING THE CAUSES OF UNCERTAINTY IN LOGISTICS OPERATIONS. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 21(1). The Teardown: MacBook Air 13-inch 128GB. (2013). Engineering Technology, 8(8), pp.90-91.

TJ Lawrence Essays - Jackie Robinson, Cactus League,

TJ Lawrence 7J 4-25-00 Novel Assignment Rookie Of The Year Part 1. 273 more words Who is the rookie this year? Do you think that the Brooklyn Dodgers have had a rough season? With all of the sicknesses and all of the losses. And with the fact that the Cardinals are always in first. They want to win the pennant so bad. The manager Spike wants to win it fairly. They are doing pretty good though. Thrid place isn't a bad one. The Brooklyn Dodgers have been playing hard to get where they are. There were alot of hardships that they all had to over look. They also made an awsome come back to make it to the playoffs, then they beat out the Pitsburg Pirates so the can play the St. Louis Cardnials in the finals. If you wanna find out how they did your just going to have to read on. He doesn't want his players to be drinking anything during the season. If he catches them there in for it deep. The coach will fine the players the first time their caught with fifty dollars. The second time they get suspended and a hundred dollar fine. The third time..well there isn't a third time. When the coach made this statement at the end of a game in the locker room, the most mouthy person on the team even knew that he meant it because Raz didn't say a thing. The coach has also almost caught many people on the team but they get extremely lucky and get away with it. The players think that alcohol is the answer to all the stress after the game. Yet the coach knows that it will only get the players sick and he is only doing this so that the players stay safe for the games. Bones was fined once for alcohol and it wasn't to much his fault. It was because of his roomie who took him out and got him drunk because he thought he was to stressed out. Spike made an example out of Bones an d they moved Bones with another room mate. Bones Hathaway was now stuck with an old veteran pitcher and he didn't like it. Mr. MacManus who owned the team was going to suspend Bones Hathaway because Spike was being a hot head. He kept screwing thing up and Mr. MacManus was going to take it out on his team. Luckely Spikes brother Bob was there and cooled Mr. macmanus' temper. The Dodgers have been playing tons of games just so they can win the pentane. All they want is the pentant. They even play games from like ten o'clock at night and can go on till two a.m. The Cardinals are in first, Pirates in second, and the Dodgers in third. They have beaten the Cardinals before but not enough times to move ranks around. They want to face the Cardinals in the World Series for the pentane because they are pretty sure that they can beat them. The Dodgers were actually on a winning streak at one point then their best rookie pitcher became sick. He was one of the reasons they had a winning streak but on the first day they won he had bacon, eggs, and toast. The next game he ate the same breakfast and they won again. So he was being superstitious and ate that breakfast for eleven days straight. The coach gave a long speach about them eating right and he was very upset that his best rookie pitcher was sick. Spike had a talk with Bones Hathaway after he got better and aske d him some question. He wanted to make sure that Bones wasn't getting sick because the other team paid him and that Bones was a good hitter but didn't show it because the other team paid him. The last game. Only one game was left for those courageous Brooklyn Dodgers. They made it. They made it all they to the pentane game. It was just them and the St. Louis Cardinals. Before the game their manager Spike game them a little speech. It wasn't much, but it was enough. Spike told the team about what would happen if the won. He told them how great