Forming Plural Nouns in Italian

As you know, all nouns or sostantivi in Italian have an implicit gender—masculine or feminine, depending on their Latin root or other derivation—and that gender, together with their number—whether they are singular or plural—colors nearly everything else in the language, except, perhaps, for some verb tenses. Of course, it is essential that you learn which nouns are feminine or masculine—or how to recognize them—and how to correctly make a singular noun into a plural. How Does One Know? Mostly—and you will see that there are some exceptions—nouns ending in -o are masculine and nouns ending in -a are feminine (and then there is the vast world of sostantivi in -e, which we discuss below). You know about -a and -o from proper names, if nothing else: Mario is a guy; Maria is a girl (though there are some exceptions there, too). Vino, gatto, parco, and albero are masculine nouns (wine, cat, park, and tree); macchina, forchetta, acqua, and pianta are feminine (car, fork, water, and plant). Interestingly, in Italian most fruits are feminine—la mela (the apple), la pesca (the peach), loliva (the olive)—but fruit trees are masculine: il melo (the apple tree), il pesco (the peach tree), and lulivo (the olive tree). This is not something you or anyone else decides or chooses: It just is. Singular feminine nouns are accompanied by the definite article la, and singular masculine nouns by the definite article il or lo (those that get lo are those that begin with a vowel, with s plus a consonant, and with gn, z, and ps), and when you pluralize the noun, you must also pluralize the article: la becomes le, il becomes i, and lo becomes gli. The article, together with a series of other parts of speech in a sentence such as adjectives and pronouns, tell you if a noun is masculine or feminine. Alternatively, you need to look it up. Pluralizing Masculine Nouns Ending in -O Regularly, masculine nouns ending in -o become, in the plural, masculine nouns ending in -i. Singolare Plurale l(o)'amico gli amici the friend/friends il vino i vini the wine/wines il gatto i gatti the cat/cats il parco i parchi the park/parks l(o)'albero gli alberi the tree/trees il tavolo i tavoli the table/tables il libro i libri the book/books il ragazzo i ragazzi the boy/boys -Co to -Chi and -Go to -Ghi Note that amico becomes amici, but that is actually an exception (together with medico/medici, or doctor/doctors). In fact, most nouns that end in -co take -chi in the plural; most nouns that end in -go take -ghi in the plural. The insertion of the h keeps the hard sound in the plural. Singolare Plurale il parco i parchi the park/parks il fuoco i fuochi the fire/fires il banco i banchi the desk/desks il gioco i giochi the game/games il lago i laghi the lake/lakes il drago i draghi the dragon/dragons Pluralizing Feminine Nouns Ending in -A Regular feminine nouns that end in -a generally take an  -e ending in the plural. With them, the article la changes to le. Singolare Plurale l(a)'amica le amiche the friend/friends la macchina le macchine the car/cars la forchetta le forchette the fork/forks l(a)'acqua le acque the water/waters la pianta le piante the plant/plants la sorella le sorelle the sister/sisters la casa le case the house/houses la penna le penne the pen/pens la pizza le pizze the pizza/pizzas la ragazza le ragazze the girl/girls -Ca to -Che and -Ga to -Ghe Feminine nouns in -ca and -ga pluralize for the most part to -che and -ghe: Singolare Plurale la cuoca le cuoche the cook/cooks la banca le banche the bank/banks la musica le musiche the music/musics la barca le barche the boat/boats la droga le droghe the drug/drugs la diga le dighe the dam/dams la collega le colleghe the colleague/colleagues -Cia to -Cie/-Gia to -Gie and -Cia to -Ce/-Gia to -Ge Beware: Among female nouns there are some that end in -cia and -gia that pluralize in -cie and -gie— la farmacia/le farmacie (the farmacy/farmacies)la camicia/le camicie (the shirt/shirts)la magia/le magie (the magic/magics) —but some lose the i in the plural (this happens generally if the i is not needed to maintain the words accenting): la lancia/le lance (the spear/spears)la doccia/le docce (the shower/showers)larancia/le arance (the orange/oranges)la spiaggia/le spiagge (the beach/beaches) Again, there is nothing wrong with looking up a plural while you are committing your new vocabulary to memory. Pluralizing Nouns Ending in -E And then there is a very large group of Italian nouns that end in -e that encompasses both masculine and feminine nouns, and that, regardless of gender, pluralize by taking the ending -i. To know whether a word that ends in -e is feminine or masculine you can look at the article, if you have one available, or other clues in the sentence. If you are just learning a new noun in -e, you should look it up to find out. Some are counterintuitive: fiore (flower) is masculine! Maschilesing/plur Femminilesing/plur il mare/i mari the sea/seas l(a)'arte/le arti the art/arts l(o)'animale/gli animali the animal/animals la neve/le nevi the snow/snows lo stivale/gli stivali the boot/boots la stazione/le stazioni the station/stations il padre/i padri the father/fathers la madre/le madri the mother/mothers il fiore/i fiori the flower/flowers la notte/le notti the night/nights il bicchiere/i bicchieri the glass/glasses la stagione/le stagioni the season/seasons il colore/i colori the color/colors la prigione/le prigioni the prison/prisons Within this group it is helpful to know, for example, that all words ending in -zione are feminine: la nazione/le nazioni (the nation/nations)l(a)attenzione/le attenzioni (the attention/attentions)la posizione/le posizioni (the position/positions)la dominazione/le dominazioni (the domination/dominations) Male/Female Variations Within -O/-A Endings Note the ragazzo/ragazza nouns in the tables above: There are many such nouns that have a feminine version and a male version with a mere change of the o/a ending (and, of course, the article): Maschilesing/plur Femminilesing/plur l(o)'amico/gli amici l(a)'amica/le amiche the friend/friends il bambino/i bambini la bambina/le bambine the child/children lo zio/gli zii la zia/le zie the uncle/uncles/aunt/aunts il cugino/i cugini la cugina/le cugine the cousin/cousins il nonno/i nonni la nonna/le nonne the grandfather/grandfathers/grandmother/grandmothers il sindaco/i sindaci la sindaca/le sindache the mayor/mayors There are also nouns that are identical in the singular for male and female (only the article tells you the gender)—but in the plural change ending to suit the gender: Singolare (masc/fem) Plurale(masc/fem) il barista/la barista the bartender i baristi/le bariste the bartenders l(o)'artista/la artista the artist gli artisti/le artiste the artists il turista/la turista the tourist i turisti/le turiste the tourists il cantante/la cantante the singer i cantanti/le cantanti the singers l(o)'abitante/la abitante the inhabitant gli abitanti/le abitanti the inhabitants l(o)'amante/la amante the lover gli amanti/le amanti the lovers Male/Female Counterparts in -E There are also male nouns in -e that have similar female counterparts: lo scultore/la scultrice (the sculptor masc/fem)l(o)attore/la attrice (the actor masc/fem)il pittore/la pittrice (the painter masc/fem) When they pluralize, they and their articles follow normal patterns for their genders: gli scultori/le scultrici (the sculptors masc/fem)gli attori/le attrici (the actors masc/fem)i pittori/le pittrici (the painters masc/fem) Strange Behaviors Many, many Italian nouns have eccentric ways of pluralizing: Masculine Nouns Ending in -A There are a number of masculine nouns that end in -a and pluralize in -i: il poeta/i poeti (the poet/poets)il poema/i poemi (the poem/poems)il problema/i problemi (the problem/problems)il papa/i papi (the pope/popes) Masculine Nouns in -O That Pluralize in the Feminine These pluralize in what appears to be a singular feminine with a plural article: Il dito/le dita (the finger/fingers)Il labbro/le labbra (the lip/lips)Il ginocchio/le ginocchia (the knee/knees)Il lenzuolo/le lenzuola (the sheet/sheets) Il muro (the wall) has two plurals: le mura to mean the walls of a city, but i muri to mean the walls of a house. The same for il braccio (the arm): le braccia to mean the arms of a person, but i bracci for the arms of a chair. Feminine Nouns in -O A tiny but important category of exceptions, both in the singular and the plural: la mano/le mani (the hand/hands)la eco (leco)/gli echi (the echo/echoes) Masculine Nouns Ending in -Io In the plural, these just drop the final -o: il bacio/i baci (the kiss/kisses)il pomeriggio/i pomeriggi (the afternoon/afternoons)lo stadio/gli stadi (the stadium/stadiums)il viaggio/i viaggi (the trip/trips)il negozio/i negozi (the store/stores) Words of Foreign Origin Words of foreign origin stay unchanged in the plural (no s); only the article changes. il film/i film (the film/films)il computer/i computer (the computer/computers)il bar/i bar (the bar/bars) Accented Words Words that end in accento grave stay unchanged in the plural; only the article changes. il caffà ¨/i caffà ¨ (the coffee/coffees)la libertà  /le libertà   (the freedom/freedoms)l(a)università  /le università   (the university/universities)il tiramisà ¹/i tiramisà ¹ (the tiramisà ¹/tiramisà ¹)la città  /le città   (the city/cities)il lunedà ¬/i lunedà ¬ (that goes for all accented days of the week)la virtà ¹/le virtà ¹ (the virtue/virtues)il papà  /i papà   (the dad/the dads) (this is also a male noun ending in -a) Invariable Unaccented Some other words (including monosyllabic words) remain unaltered in the plural; again, only the article changes. il re/i re (the king/kings)il caffelatte/i caffelatte (the latte/lattes)leuro/gli euro (the euro/euros) Nouns of Greek Origin These change only in the article (interestingly they change in English in the plural): la nevrosi/le nevrosi (the neurosis/neuroses)la analisi/le analisi (the analysis/analyses)la crisi/le crisi (the crisis/crises)la ipotesi/le ipotesi (the hypothesis/hypotheses) Miscellaneous Exceptions il bue/i buoi (the ox/oxen)il dio/gli dei (the god/gods)lo zio/gli zii (the uncle/uncles) And best of all: luovo/le uova (the egg/eggs)lorecchio/le orecchie (the ear/ears)luomo/gli uomini (the man/men) Buono studio!

Coca (Cocaine) History, Domestication, and Use

Coca, the source of natural cocaine, is one of a handful of shrubs in the Erythroxylum family of plants. Erythroxylum includes over 100 different species of trees, shrubs and sub-shrubs native to South America and elsewhere. Two of the South American species, E. coca and E. novogranatense, have potent alkaloids occurring in their leaves, and those leaves have been used for their medicinal and hallucinogenic properties for thousands of years. E. coca originates from the montaà ±a zone of the eastern Andes, between 500 and 2,000 meters (1,640-6,500 feet)  above sea level. The earliest archaeological evidence of coca use is in coastal Ecuador, ca 5,000 years ago. E. novagranatense is known as Colombian coca and it is more able to adapt to different climates and elevations; it first up in northern Peru beginning about 4,000 years ago. Coca Use The ancient method of Andean cocaine use involves folding coca leaves into a quid and placing it between the teeth and the inside of the cheek. An alkaline substance, such as powdered wood ash or baked and powdered seashells is then transferred into the quid using a silver awl or pointed tube of limestone. This method of consumption was first described to Europeans by the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who met coca users when he visited the coast of northeastern Brazil, in AD 1499. Archaeological evidence shows the procedure is much older than that. Coca use was part of ancient Andean daily life, an important symbol of cultural identity in ceremonies, and used medicinally as well. Chewing coca is said to be good for relief of fatigue and hunger, beneficial for gastrointestinal illnesses, and said to ease the pain of dental caries, arthritis, headaches, sores, fractures, nosebleed, asthma, and impotence. Chewing coca leaves also is believed to ease the effects of living in high altitudes.   Chewing more than 20-60 grams (.7-2 ounces) of coca leaves results in a cocaine dose of 200-300 milligrams, equivalent to one line of powdered cocaine. Coca Domestication History The earliest evidence of coca use discovered to date comes from a handful of preceramic sites in the Nancho Valley. Coca leaves have been direct-dated by AMS to 7920 and 7950 cal BP. Artifacts associated with coca processing were also found in contexts dated as early as 9000-8300 cal BP. What is the AMS dating method?What does cal BP mean? Evidence for coca use has also been from in caves in the Ayacucho valley of Peru, within levels dated between 5250-2800 cal BC. Evidence for coca use has been identified from most cultures in South America, including Nazca, Moche, Tiwanaku, Chiribaya and Inca cultures. According to ethnohistoric records, horticulture and use of coca became a state monopoly in the Inca empire about AD 1430. The Inca elites restricted use to the nobility beginning in the 1200s, but coca continued to widen in use until all but lowest classes had access at the time of the Spanish conquest. Archaeological Evidence of Coca Use Nanchoc valley sites (Peru), 8000-7800 cal BPAyacucho valley caves (Peru), 5250-2800 cal BCValdivia culture (3000 BC) of coastal Ecuador (may represent long-distance trade or domestication)Peruvian coast (2500-1800 BC)Nazca figurines (300 BC-AD 300)Moche (AD 100-800) pots illustrate a bulging cheek, and coca leaves in gourds have been recovered from Moche tombsTiwanaku by AD 400Arica, Chile by AD 400The Cabuza culture (ca AD 550) mummies buried with coca quids in their mouths In addition to the presence of coca quids and kits, and the artistic depictions of coca use, archaeologists have used the presence of excessive alkali deposits on human teeth and alveolar abscesses as evidence. However, it isnt clear whether abscesses are caused by coca use, or treated by coca use, and results have been ambiguous about using excessive calculus on teeth. Beginning in the 1990s, gas chromatography was used to identify cocaine use in mummified human remains, particularly the Chirabaya culture, recovered from the Atacama Desert of Peru. The identification of BZE, a metabolic product of coca (benzoylecgonine), in hair shafts, is considered ample evidence of coca use, even for modern-day users. Coca Archaeological Sites San Lorenzo del Mate (Ecuador), 500 BC-AD 500, adult male interment with excessive calculus deposits on his teeth, an associated decorated shell spatula and a small bowl-like deposit of an alkali substance (probably once in a gourd)Las Balsas (Ecuador) (300 BC-AD 100). Cal receptaclePLM-7, Arica site in coastal Chile, 300 BC, coca kitPLM-4, Tiwanakoid sites in Chile with a bag full of coca leavesLlullallaco, Argentina, Inca period child sacrifices exhibited coca consumption prior to death Sources: Bussmann R, Sharon D, Vandebroek I, Jones A, and Revene Z. 2007. Health for Sale: The Medicinal Plant Markets in Trujillo and Chiclayo, Northern Peru. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3(1):37.Cartmell LW, Aufderheide AC, Springfield A, Weems C, and Arriaza B. 1991. The Frequency and Antiquity of Prehistoric Coca-Leaf-Chewing Practices in Northern Chile: Radioimmunoassay of a Cocaine Metabolite in Human-Mummy Hair. Latin American Antiquity 2(3):260-268.Dillehay TD, Rossen J, Ugent D, Karathanasis A, Và ¡squez V, and Netherly PJ. 2010. Early Holocene coca chewing in northern Peru. Antiquity 84(326):939-953.Gade DW. 1979. Inca and colonial settlement, coca cultivation and endemic disease in the tropical forest. Journal of Historical Geography 5(3):263-279.Ogalde JP, Arriaza BT, and Soto EC. 2009. Identification of Psychoactive Alkaloids in Ancient Andean Human Hair by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(2):467-472.Plowman T. 1981 Amazonia n coca. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3(2-3):195-225.Springfield AC, Cartmell LW, Aufderheide AC, Buikstra J, and Ho J. 1993. Cocaine and Metabolites in the Hair of Ancient Peruvian Coca Leaf Chewers. Forensic Science International 63(1-3):269-275.Ubelaker DH, and Stothert KE. 2006. Elemental Analysis of Alkalis and Dental Deposits Associated with Coca Chewing in Ecuador. Latin American Antiquity 17(1):77-89.Wilson AS, Brown EL, Villa C, Lynnerup N, Healey A, Ceruti MC, Reinhard J, Previgliano CH, Araoz FA, Gonzalez Diez J et al.  2013. Archaeological, radiological, and biological evidence offer insight into Inca child sacrifice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(33):13322-13327.

Centrosaurus - Facts and Figures

Name: Centrosaurus (Greek for pointed lizard); pronounced SEN-tro-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of western North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and three tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Single, long horn on end of snout; moderate size; large frill over head About Centrosaurus It was probably too dumb to notice the difference, but Centrosaurus was definitely lacking when it came to defensive armament: this ceratopsian possessed only a single long horn on the end of its snout, compared to three for Triceratops (one on its snout and two over its eyes) and five (more or less, depending on how youre counting) for Pentaceratops. Like others of its breed, Centrosaurus horn and large frill probably served dual purposes: the frill as a sexual display and (possibly) a way to dissipate heat, and the horn to head-butt other Centrosaurus adults during mating season and intimidate hungry raptors and tyrannosaurs. Centrosaurus is known by literally thousands of fossil remains, making it one of the worlds best-attested ceratopsians. The first, isolated remains were discovered by Lawrence Lambe in Canadas Alberta province; later, nearby, researchers discovered two vast Centrosaurus bonebeds, containing thousands of individuals of all growth stages (newborns, juveniles, and adults) and extending for hundreds of feet. The most likely explanation is that these herds of migrating Centrosaurus were drowned by flash floods, not an unusual fate for dinosaurs during the late Cretaceous period, or that they simply perished of thirst while gathered around a dry water hole. (Some of these Centrosaurus bonebeds are interlaced with Styracosaurus fossils, a possible hint that this even more ornately decorated ceratopsian was in the process of displacing Centrosaurus 75 million years ago.) Recently, paleontologists announced a pair of new North American ceratopsians that seem to have been closely related to Centrosaurus, Diabloceratops and Medusaceratops--both of which sported their own unique horn/frill combinations reminiscent of their more famous cousin (hence their classification as centrosaurine rather than chasmosaurine ceratopsians, albeit ones with very Triceratops-like characteristics as well). Given the profusion of ceratopsians discovered in North America over the last few years, it may be the case that the evolutionary relationships of Centrosaurus and its nearly indistinguishable cousins have yet to be fully sorted out.

Comparing Emotions Love And Hate - 881 Words

Comparing Emotions: Love and Hate Emotions come with every thought and action that is had throughout the day. Whether it is an emotion towards an academic class, the nerves of meeting someone new, or even what is felt about the day as a whole; there is always an emotion that is being felt. The two most extreme emotions are hate and love. Most sub-emotions come from these two powerful feelings. Anger, happiness, sorrow, and anxiety can all be results of both love and hate. To most, these emotions seem like contradictory ideas. They have obvious differences to make them appear as opposites but, when broken down, they have a lot more in common than accounted for. Hate and love both contain powerful definitions, passionate emotions, artistic expression, cause and effect of one another, and complexity. According to Dictionary.com, the definition of love is â€Å"a profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person; a feeling of warm personal attachment or deep affection.† W hen first read, this term can bring ideas of joy and fulfillment. There tend to be a lot more positive associations with love because of what has been told through movies, society, and personal experience. It is not always realized that many negativities, such as sadness and anger, can be associated with love as well. Hate, on the other hand, is defined by Dictionary.com as â€Å"to dislike intensely or passionately; to feel extreme aversion for.† However, when the word hate is mentioned, it does not have theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jodi Picoult s The Storyteller1183 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Love can be simply stated to be the desire of the human being to integrate oneself with other selves in such a way that one starts feeling the pain and pleasure of another person as if of one’s own. 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Different characteristics of a good business Free Essays

Bring out the difference between personal letters and business letters. Discuss the different characteristics of a good business letter. Importance of business letter Differences Characteristics 3 Writing effectively is a skill, which can be learnt and perfected. We will write a custom essay sample on Different characteristics of a good business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Explain the general principles of Effective writing. What are the various techniques to improve your writing skills? General principles of Effective writing Techniques to improve writing skills 4 What groundwork does one need to do to make an effective presentation? How do verbal, vocal and visual components of communication impact a presentation? Groundwork needed to make an effective presentation Verbal, vocal and visual components impact on presentation Explain the contents of a good resume. Distinguish between the different types of resumes. Contents of good resume Types of Resumes 6 With growing competition and volatile market conditions, Jobs are not secured as they ought to be previously. What are the factors looked into by the prospective employers? Identify the techniques, which should be used by an interviewee to get a good Job. Factors Job interview techniques Define the term ‘Organizational Behavior†. Explain the importance of Organizational Behavior. Definition of Organizational Behavior Importance of Organizational Behavior 2 Explain the following: a) Span of Control b) Centralization and Decentralization 3 Describe the personality traits influencing Organizational behavior. Personality traits influencing Organizational Behavior 4 Define the term motivation. Explain Mascots need Hierarchy theory. Definition of motivation Mascots hierarchy theory 5 Explain the functions of communication. Mention some of the tips or techniques for effective communication. Functions of communication Tips or techniques for effective communication 6 Write short notes on the following: a) Organization Culture ) Conflict management a) Organizational Culture Monetary policy regulates the money supply in an economy. How to cite Different characteristics of a good business, Papers

Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion free essay sample

Cannon and Bard highlighted the role of the brain in generating physiological responses and feelings; a role that is important in their explanation of emotion experience and production. The main assertions of the Cannon–Bard theory are that emotional expression results from the function of hypothalamic structures, and emotional feeling results from stimulations of the dorsal thalamus. The physiological changes and subjective feeling of an emotion in response to a stimulus are separate and independent; arousal does not have to occur before the emotion (Adcock, 1976). Cannon-Bard theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling and muscle tension simultaneously. More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction(Hayes, 2003). For example: I see a snake gt; I am afraid gt; I begin to tremble. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we react to a stimulus and experience the associated emotion at the same time (Carlson, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The key component of the Cannon–Bard theory of emotion is that when the thalamic discharge occurs, the bodily changes occur almost simultaneously with the emotional experience. The bodily changes and emotional experience occur separately and independently of one another; physiological arousal does not have to precede emotional expression or experience. The theory asserts that the thalamic region is the brain area responsible for emotional responses to experienced stimuli (Adcock, 1976). Walter Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory for several reasons. He argued that emotion occurs even if the bodily changes which transmit feedback to the brain are eliminated (Hayes, 2003). He severed neural connections to the cortex of cats (creating â€Å"decorticate cats†). The decorticate cats, when provoked, exhibited the emotional behavior normally associated with rage and aggression, as demonstrated by erect hair, growling, and the baring of teeth (Hayes, 2003). (Canon called the behavior sham rage because according to the James-Lange theory emotional behavior could not occur without connections to the brain. In addition, Cannon argued that visceral responses occur too slowly to be recognized by the brain before emotional responses to a stimuli occur

Logistics and Operations Management Execution - Control and Design

Question: Analyse the problems of controlling component activities and of controlling quality. Critically discuss methods of project evaluation and of scheduling resources. Answer: Introduction to Apple MacBook Pro The execution, control and design of operations which helps in converting resources into desired products and services are called operation management. It deals with the implementation of the organizations business strategy. In the year 2006, January 10, the first original fifteen inch MacBook Pro was launched by Steve Jobs. The product was launched at Macworld Conference and Expo. Later on, the seventeen-inch model was launched on 24th April 2006. The product which was designed first uses Intel Core CPUs instead of using PowerPC G4 chips. PowerPC G4 is only used on Apple computers as well as on Eyetech. It is a fourth generation microprocessor. On the other hand, Intel Core microprocessors were mainly created for the business purpose. These processors get updated frequently. The first one was Intel Pentium with its successive Pentium 2, Pentium 3 and Pentium 4. The second one was Intel Core with its successive Intel Core 2 Solo, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad and Core 2 Extreme. The last o nes are Core i3, i5, and i7. This Apple product is the high-end model of the MacBook family. In the year 2008, October 14, the second generation of computer was launched and was called as the unibody. This model has more shaped design and it has the outer case which was made up of the single slab of aluminum. Later the model was called aluminum unibody MacBook. Some updates were introduced in the MacBook Pro with processors such as Intel Core i7 and i5. A technology named Thunderbolt of Intel Company was also introduced in the product. In June 2012, Apple released the third generation MacBook Pro with a display of fifteen inches. One of the most attractive features of the third generation MacBook Pro is Retina display. This display has higher resolution. The optical drive was removed from the system. The hard disk drives were also replaced with solid-state drives. Apple uses OS X as their main operating system. This operating system is built on UNIX platform. It was engineered in such way so as to take the full advantage of the capability of the hardware. The operating system comes with amazing and exciting applications for everyday use. The applications are Photos, iMovie, GarageBand, Pages, Numbers, Keynote, Safari, Mail, Messages, FaceTime, Calendar, Notes, Reminders, Maps, Contacts, iBooks, App Store and iTunes. The graphics and processor with its all-flash architecture display and memory provide excellent capabilities of video editing. Software like Final Cut Pro based on professional video editing and Logic Pro based on professional music composing are only supportable in MacBook. This innovative technology brought a revolution in the professional world. The importance of process designs on Apple MacBook The designing of a product like Apple MacBook Pro can be done by utilizing a regular series of processes that engineers employ while creating functional products (Sanchez-Rodrigues, Potter and Naim, 2010). The concept of engineering is based on business knowledge and the product to generate ideas and convert them into usable objects. It is known as product design. Before developing a product, it is vital for a designer to know very carefully about the demand for the product in the market. The product must be designed according to the customer needs. Regular customer gives feedback about an old version of products regarding including new features and applications or making the product user-friendly (Borisov and Velyova, 2016). After that, screening of product plays a significant role such as attractiveness of the product operation. It also shows the risk of the operation. The designing of product requires series of stages before launching it to the international market. Each of these phases has owned individual significances. The stages are as follows: Specifying the package components It is the first phase of preliminary product design. It is very crucial as it determines what components will be introduced into the product (Chambers, 2013). For example, in MacBook Pro basic product specifications such as hard disk drives, microprocessors, RAM, ROM, DVD writer need to be introduced before launching it into the market. Reduction in complexity of design This is the second stage which reduces the complexity of the product. The reduction in complexity makes a product more-user friendly. It makes a product easier to use. There are three common approaches for complexity reduction such as commonality, standardization, and modularization (Miser, 2011). The former approach helps in simplifying the complexity based on the design by utilizing common elements of products. The next one deals with the diversity in product. The last one is about designing the sub-components in a product. For example, adding software specifications such as the introduction of applications and features. Final process to create a package In this stage, final packaging is done. It is a very crucial stage as it assembles all the parts and put into a single unit to create the final product. The next one is designing improvement and evaluation of a product. Typical techniques are used at this stage to evaluate and improve the preliminary design (Banks, 2013). The techniques are the Taguchi method, deployment of quality function and value engineering. The former one is testing the robustness of the design. The next one ensures that whether the product design meets the demands of the customer. The last one reduces cost and prevents any unnecessary cost before the production of the product. Finally, it is important to provide the final details of the product. The aims and objectives of designing Apple MacBook Before launching any product, all companies including Apple must set its goals, objectives and strategies for the marketing of a product. The marketing can be well understood by the marketing mix (J. Wilson, 2015). The marketing mix has 4 Ps such as price, promotion, product, and place. The 4 Ps of marketing help the marketing manager to develop successfully a strategy based on promotion and services of products to customers. Firstly, a price is the cost of products. The promotion is the strategy behind advertising of product to target customers. The product or merchandise is something which can be sold in the market, satisfying the customer needs and demands. In the case of places, the buyers look for places where they can find products. Based on product, Apple offers finest products at best prices. Their objectives are to continue for creating innovative products (P. Dempsey, 2015). The Apple team will need a good team to create their innovative products in the international market. Due to their innovation, they make a leading position in the market. They need a strong research and a strong development team. On the other hand, they need to dictate and innovate the movement of future technology. Apple must continue to improve their technology since technology is changing and customer seeks for more innovation. After all, brand loyalty is important. They must study the market to understand what customer want while improving their current product. The company needs to expand their stores around the world. As the result, this expansion of stores can increase their customers from the corners of the world. Other places like selling their products online will be an advantage for the company. Based on their price, they sell branded products at best price. The objective regarding their price is to sustain and enter finest pricing while attempting to get profit from market share. However, it will be profitable for them to use low cost during the manufacturing of products. On promotion side, the company can make a great advantage by following excellent marketing strategies behind their advertisement of products with the help of mass media like TVs, radios, and newspapers (P. Dempsey, 2015). The stages of designing a product The designing of a product must be done by following proper steps. It needs proper control and planning with inventory and capacity management. It also needs proper resources and risk management because risks are normal factors which get involved during a manufacturing process. For example, during the manufacture of Apple MacBook some accident may happen which can be harmful to the company and its employees. There are few stages which are to be followed during its manufacturing method (The Teardown: MacBook Air 13-inch 128GB, 2013). Generating an idea Before the development of a product, making an idea is necessary. The best way to start is with SWOT analysis of the product which describes about the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a product. Others are doing market research, looking at competition market and taking suggestions from employees and partners. Screening the idea Screening criteria need market potential and affordability. Development of concept and testing It is the stage of developing a concept about the product and testing it. For example, every system is built on a basic algorithm. Therefore, MacBook Pro also needs an algorithm (Liikkanen and Reavey, 2015). Analysis of business Once, the concept has been developed; business analysis is done. It includes marketing strategy, a positioning of the product, highlighting the target market as well as marketing mix of the product. This analysis is done based on a demand of the product, identification, and competition of such a point where the total revenues equal total expense and a full assessment of the cost. Product development As soon as the new product is approved for its proper research, the product is passed through technical and development stage. Testing the market It introduces the product prototype based on the proposed plan of the market. Here, testing is processed based on consumer uses. This procedure is necessary to validate the complete concept, and it is utilized for further refinement process. Commercialization When the product is finally developed and tested, final decisions are made so as to launch the product into the market. Launching the product It is the last step which describes a detailed plan about the launching of the product. All these stages require operation management which is concerned with the conversion of materials and labor into services and products to maximize the profit of the organization. The designing of the product also needs supply chain management which contains storage and movement of raw materials, finished goods, and inventory process. Impact on performance of designing a product Apple MacBook Pro is a well known branded product, and it requires intelligent skills of the employee rather than hard physical work during the designing of this product. Their objectives behind their manufacturing of product impact on the performance of the employees. Performance management aids on building high-performance culture for teams as well as the individual. Therefore, the employees take own responsibility for the improvement of the processes in business on the continuous basis. At the same time, they increase their skills by upgrading their skills within a management framework. The objectives of the organization enable the employees to achieve their better standards of the work performance (Apple Advertisement, 2012). It also aids the employees to identify the skills and knowledge which are required for performing the job efficiently and smoothly. As a result, it drives their focus towards performing a task in an appropriate and proper manner. On the other hand, it promot es personal development and advancement in the career of employees by aiding them in acquiring the desired skills and knowledge. As it is told earlier that Apple is a famous company, and, therefore, the objectives are made in such way so that it can boost the performance of the employees by encouraging the empowerment of the employees, their implementation, and motivation towards an efficient reward mechanism. This means that the employees will perform with an expectation of getting rewards from a famous company like Apple. This approach to performance management has become an indispensable instrument in the hands of the corporate. It is a future process as it involves both the employees and the supervisors with a target of setting a particular goal for the development of the company at the beginning of each year. Conclusion The above report is based on the marketing of Apple MacBook. The report includes the modification of the particular product and its strategies and objectives behind their marketing. The first portion describes about the details and specification of the product. The next portion deals with the importance of process design on Apple MacBook. The third one is about the aims and objectives of product design. The fourth portion describes about the stages of designing the product and the last one analyzed the impact of product performance. References Apple Advertisement. (2012). Computer, 45(6), pp.92-92. Banks, A. (2013). Independent guide to the apple macbook. [Place of publication not identified]: Dennis Publishing. Borisov, A. and Velyova, V. (2016). Logistics management of processes ensuring the operations of oil derivatives chain. MEST Journal, 4(1), pp.11-18. Chambers, M. (2013). MacBook for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Wilson, (2015). News Briefing: Consumer Technology - Apple MacBook sets new gold standard for notebooks. Engineering Technology, 10(3), pp.21-21. Liikkanen, L. and Reavey, H. (2015). Resonance testing: an industry approach for experiential concept evaluation. IJPD, 20(4), p.265. Miser, B. (2011). MacBook Pro. Indianapolis, Ind.: Wiley. Dempsey, (2015). The Teardown: Apple MacBook 2015. Engineering Technology, 10(5), pp.88-89. Sanchez-Rodrigues, M., Potter, D. and Naim, P. (2010). EVALUATING THE CAUSES OF UNCERTAINTY IN LOGISTICS OPERATIONS. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 21(1). The Teardown: MacBook Air 13-inch 128GB. (2013). Engineering Technology, 8(8), pp.90-91.